Hearing Research最新文献

{"title":"Echolocation frequency alteration, and hearing loss induced by an ototoxic drug in the echolocating bat Hipposideros pratti","authors":"Jianwen Zou,&nbsp;Yalin Wang,&nbsp;Shuilian Yang,&nbsp;Yanjie Zhang,&nbsp;Qicai Chen,&nbsp;Ziying Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Noise exposure increases the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the outer hair cells (OHCs) of the cochlea, which subsequently damages OHCs and causes noise-induced hearing loss. However, increasing evidences have shown that echolocating bats can maintain their auditory sensitivity after intense noise exposure, indicating that they have a strong capacity to clear ROS, or that noise exposure does not increase ROS levels in the cochlea of the animals. To differentiate between these possibilities, the constant frequency-frequency modulation bats, <em>Hipposideros pratti</em>, were intraperitoneally injected with the ototoxic drug Kanamycin, which increases ROS levels in the cochlea of other mammalian species. The results showed that Kanamycin application efficiently altered the echolocation frequency, shifted the auditory brainstem response threshold, and damaged the OHCs, suggesting that echolocating bats were sensitive to ototoxic drugs. Therefore, <em>H. pratti</em> does not seem to be able to clear ROS efficiently, and the decreased susceptibility to noise exposure of echolocating bats might be due to the failed increasement of ROS levels in their cochleae by the noise exposure. Furthermore, our data also showed that the precision of resting frequency (RF) was greatly decreased after the auditory sensitivity was impaired by Kanamycin application, suggesting that the precision of the RF was dependent on the auditory feedback. These findings could provide insights to understand the adaptation mechanisms of the auditory system of echolocating bats to intense sound environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"463 ","pages":"Article 109304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cochlear neural contributions to triple network changes in tinnitus, hyperacusis & misophonia? A perspective review","authors":"Li Xie ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Donoso-San Martín ,&nbsp;Stefan Fink ,&nbsp;Wibke Singer ,&nbsp;Stephan M. Wolpert ,&nbsp;Lukas Rüttiger ,&nbsp;Marlies Knipper","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What do tinnitus, the perception of sounds without an internal or external source of noise, hyperacusis, the pathological hypersensitivity to noise, or misophonia, an intolerance to certain everyday noises, have in common, and what differentiates them? A large number of excellent studies focused in the last few decades on identifying the neural correlates of tinnitus, hyperacusis, or misophonia on the basis of central triple-network changes. In this perspective review we explicitly examine, possible differential and causal involvement of peripheral components as a presumptive trigger that may drive observed triple-network changes. Based on our results, we venture to hypothesize that: (i) tinnitus, hyperacusis, and misophonia can occur despite clinically normal hearing thresholds, and are likely causally independent of sex and age, (ii) tinnitus and hyperacusis, but possibly also misophonia are related to altered auditory processing that through desynchronized (tinnitus) or hyperactive (hyperacusis, misophonia) bottom-up ascending processing potentially explains the activity changes in, e.g., default or salient brain networks, as suggested in various studies of these different diseases. (iii) In misophonia a stress-induced top-down influence, as deep as the auditory nerve fibers, may be discussed as a contributor to generating misophonia-trigger sounds, a hypothesis that can be tested in future studies. We hope that the selective consideration of a possible interaction between peripheral and central components will help to minimize the greatest handicap of these pathologies to date towards successful therapy: the lack of clarification of the underlying causative mechanism of the diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"463 ","pages":"Article 109305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short- and long-term changes in auditory sensitivity and tinnitus distress between acute and chronic tinnitus: Longitudinal observation in a community-based sample","authors":"Abishek Umashankar ,&nbsp;Phillip Gander ,&nbsp;Kai Alter ,&nbsp;William Sedley","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic tinnitus is a common consequence of hearing loss, which commonly coexists with a degree of increased subjective sensitivity to sound intensity, and sometimes overt hyperacusis. Central gain is thought to be an underlying mechanism for hyperacusis, whilst its relationship with tinnitus is debated. The natural history of chronic tinnitus from its acute stages has been subject to very limited formal study, and only from within the sub-population attending specialist clinics.</div><div>We studied community-based samples of individuals with Acute Tinnitus (AT: &lt;6 weeks from onset, N = 51), who were followed up longitudinally 6 months post-onset (N = 26), those with Chronic Tinnitus (CT: &gt;6 months from onset, N = 51), and Non-Tinnitus controls (NT: N = 35) age/sex/hearing matched to the Acute Tinnitus group. We measured tinnitus symptoms with loudness matching, numerical rating scales (NRS), and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) questionnaires, and subjective auditory sensitivity with categorical loudness scaling (CLS) and the Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ) and Inventory of Hyperacusis Symptoms (IHS). Results revealed that measures of tinnitus (psychoacoustically matched loudness, THI, TFI) were maximal around the time of onset and reduced significantly over initial months, in line with previous reports of specialist clinic-based cohorts without high levels of initial distress, but with the additional novel demonstration of a reduction in psychoacoustically matched tinnitus loudness. Conversely, measures of auditory sensitivity (HQ, IHS, CLS slope at 1 kHz and at tinnitus frequency) did not change longitudinally or differ between AT and NT groups. We interpret these changes as indicating spontaneous habituation to the tinnitus over time, but also that subjective auditory sensitivity is not necessarily directly linked to tinnitus symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"463 ","pages":"Article 109299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG responses to onset-edge and steady-state segments of continuous speech under selective auditory attention modulation","authors":"Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Fei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electroencephalography (EEG) signals provide valuable insights into the neural mechanisms of speech perception. However, it still remains unclear how neural responses dynamically align with continuous speech under selective attention modulation in the complex auditory environments. This study examined the evoked and induced EEG responses, their correlations with speech features, and cortical distributions for the target and ignored speech in two-talker competing scenarios. Results showed that selective attention increased the evoked EEG power for the target speech compared to the ignored speech. In contrast, the induced power indicated no significant differences. Low-frequency EEG power and phase responses reliably indexed the target speech identification amid competing streams. Cortical distribution analyses revealed that the evoked power differences between the target and ignored speech were concentrated in the central and parietal cortices. Significant induced power differences between the target and ignored speech presented only at the onset-edge segments in the left temporal cortex. Comparisons between onset-edge and steady-state segments showed the evoked power differences in the right central and temporal cortices and the induced power differences in the frontal cortex for the ignored speech. No significant differences of the cortical distribution were observed between the onset-edge and steady-state segments for the target speech. These findings underscore the distinct contributions of the evoked and induced neural activities and their cortical distributions to selective auditory attention and segment-specific speech perception.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"463 ","pages":"Article 109298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speech performance in adults with cochlear implants using combined channel deactivation and dynamic current focusing","authors":"Dietmar M. Wohlbauer ,&nbsp;Charles B. Hem ,&nbsp;Caylin McCallick ,&nbsp;Julie G. Arenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives and Methods:</h3><div>Cochlear implant listeners show difficulties in understanding speech in noise. Channel interactions from activating overlapping neural populations reduce the signal accuracy necessary to interpret complex signals. Optimizing programming strategies based on focused detection thresholds to reduce channel interactions has led to improved performance. In the current study, two previously suggested methods, channel deactivation and focused dynamic tripolar stimulation, were combined. Utilizing an automatic channel selection algorithm from focused detection threshold profiles, three cochlear implant programs were created with the same deactivated channels but varying proportions of channels employing focused stimulation, monopolar, dynamic focused and a mixed program. Thirteen ears in eleven adult cochlear implant listeners with Advanced Bionics HiRes90k devices were tested. Vowel identification and sentence perception in quiet and noise served as outcome measures, and the influences of listening experience, age, clinical consonant-nucleus-consonant performance, and perceptual thresholds on speech performance were assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Across subjects, different degrees of focusing showed individual performance improvements for vowels and sentences over the monopolar program. Focused listening benefits were shown for individuals with less cochlear implant experience, and clinically poor performers seem to benefit more from focusing than good performers. However, only slight trends and no significant group improvements were observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>The current findings suggest that deactivating and focusing subsets of channels might improve speech performance for some individuals, especially poor performers, a possible effect of reduced channel interactions. The findings also show that performance is largely variable among individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"463 ","pages":"Article 109285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of bone conduction stimulation efficiency on the skull surface and below assessed by cochlear promontory vibration","authors":"Alexander du Puits ,&nbsp;Kristian Åsnes ,&nbsp;Thomas Lenarz ,&nbsp;Hannes Maier","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Stimulation sites closer to the cochlea result in higher output for bone conduction devices (BCD), increasing maximum output and reducing energy consumption. In our study, alternative coupling sites closer to the ear canal (EC), in cortical and spongious bone, were investigated and the influence on ipsi- and contralateral bone conduction output was quantified.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cochlear promontory (CP) vibrations were measured by 1D laser Doppler vibrometry, using five freshly frozen (10 ears) whole human cadaver heads. A percutaneous actuator was implanted at different positions: five on the surface 25 to 55 mm posterior to the EC and two recessed positions 20 mm posterior to the EC at 5 to 8 mm depth. Stimulation was performed using a stepped sine, consisting of 78 frequencies from 0.1 to 10 kHz.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In comparison to positions 50–55 mm to the EC, average CP vibrations showed significantly increased CP vibrations, ranging from 6.5 dB to 13.9 dB between 0.5 and 4 kHz at closer and recessed positions. In contrast, contralateral results showed smaller output amplitudes (0.5 kHz &lt; f &lt; 4 kHz). For positions closer to the EC, transcranial attenuation was considerably increased up to 25.2 dB at 4 kHz.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results show a significant increase of CP vibrations in stimulation direction, for positions closer to the cochlea. Moreover, the feasibility of bone anchors in spongious bone was demonstrated, leading to similar output when compared to positions on the skull surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 109280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an ex vivo preparation for studies of the cochlear active process in mammals","authors":"Francesco Gianoli ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Alonso ,&nbsp;Brian Fabella,&nbsp;A.J. Hudspeth","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mammalian cochlea benefits from an active process characterized by amplification of mechanical inputs, sharp frequency selectivity, compressive nonlinearity, and spontaneous otoacoustic emission. Similar traits are observed in individual hair cells of nonmammalian tetrapods, in which they emerge from the critical dynamical regime of hair cells operating near a Hopf bifurcation. It remains unclear whether a similar critical regime also underpins the active process of the mammalian cochlea. Efforts to address this question have been limited in part by the absence of an <em>ex vivo</em> preparation that both preserves the physiological integrity of the sensory epithelium and grants direct experimental access to it. To overcome these problems, we improved a two-compartment cochlear preparation (Chan and Hudspeth, 2005a, 2005b) to more closely simulate <em>in vivo</em> conditions and used it to conduct electrophysiological recordings of microphonic signals in isolated cochlear segments of the Mongolian gerbil. Our methodological advances included refining the dissection protocol to reduce the size of the exposed cochlear segment and altering the ionic compositions of the solutions to better control the Ca²⁺ concentration. We also maintained a constant temperature in order to stabilize the experimental conditions. Most critically, by introducing a mechanism to adjust the pressure in the endolymphatic compartment, we were able to explore how variations in transepithelial pressure influence the electrical response. These changes enabled us to reliably measure compressive nonlinearities with a one-third power law similar to that observed from cochleas <em>in vivo</em> and consistent with the behavior of a dynamical system operating near a Hopf bifurcation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 109288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insulin-like growth factor 1 protects cochlear outer hair cells against cisplatin","authors":"Kohei Yamahara ,&nbsp;Hiroe Ohnishi ,&nbsp;Takayuki Nakagawa ,&nbsp;Koichi Omori ,&nbsp;Norio Yamamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cisplatin<strong>,</strong> an effective anti-neoplastic drug widely used in oncology protocols, has an adverse effect such as ototoxicity, for which no current treatment exists. Histological lesions in the cochlea after cisplatin administration are most prominent in outer hair cells in the organ of Corti. We have previously reported that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) protects cochlear hair cells (HCs) against several types of damage to the cochlea, including noise exposure, ischemia, surgical trauma, and aminoglycoside, resulting in hearing recovery. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of IGF1 as a molecule to protect inner ear auditory sensory HCs against cisplatin using cochlear explant culture systems of postnatal day 2 mice. Administration of IGF1 to the explants grown in the medium containing cisplatin markedly protected outer HCs from cisplatin-induced damage. Pharmacological inhibition of IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) using an IGF1R antagonist or inhibitor markedly attenuated the protective activity of IGF1, indicating that IGF1R is specifically required for IGF1 effects in HCs against cisplatin. As a protective mechanism against cisplatin, we found that the administration of IGF1 reduces cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. IGF1 effects on the maintenance of HC numbers are achieved by inhibiting the apoptosis of HCs, not by inducing the proliferation of HCs or supporting cells (SCs). We conclude that treatment with IGF1 could be an efficient and safe approach to treat cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"463 ","pages":"Article 109287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143907568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative approaches to investigate the principles of hearing.","authors":"Christine Köppl, Sonja J Pyott","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2025.109286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":" ","pages":"109286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143965491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axon terminal distribution in layer 1 of the mouse auditory cortex: differential projections from the dorsal and medial subdivisions of the medial geniculate body and the marginal zone of the posterior thalamic nuclei","authors":"Meng Sun ,&nbsp;Makoto Takemoto ,&nbsp;Ryohei Tomioka ,&nbsp;Chang Dong ,&nbsp;Ao Lin ,&nbsp;Wen-Jie Song","doi":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heares.2025.109275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Layer 1 (L1) of the neocortex integrates bottom-up and top-down signals. Inputs to L1, however, remain incompletely characterized. L1 of the auditory cortex (ACX) receives ascending inputs from the medial geniculate body (MGB) subdivisions and the surrounding posterior thalamic nuclei (PTN). The precise manner in which these structures innervate L1 is not fully understood. Here we examined the distribution of axon terminals from MGB/PTN subdivisions in L1 of the mouse ACX using virus-based axonal labeling. A bulk injection into the entire MGB and its adjacent PTN (referred to as W) confirmed their projection to upper L1, in addition to other layers. However, we observed multiple vertical axon bundles with irregular inter-bundle intervals in L2 in coronal sections. To identify their origin, we first applied a retrograde tracer to the surface of the ACX and found labeled cell bodies across MGB/PTN subdivisions. The distribution of labeled cells could be dichotomously divided into a dorsomedial (DM) region, primarily encompassing the dorsal and medial nuclei of MGB, and a ventrolateral (VL) region, primarily containing the marginal zone (MZ) of PTN. Sparsely labeled neurons in the caudal part of the ventral MGB (MGv) were also observed. We then injected the virus tracer into the DM region containing the dorsomedial subdivisions of MGB and the dorsomedial MGv (dmMGB), and into the VL region containing the MZ and the ventrolateral MGv, for anterograde labeling of axons. A DM injection resulted in strong, uniform labeling of axons in upper L1, without apparent axon bundles in L2, while a VL injection produced clear axon bundles in L2, as well as labeling in upper L1. The bundle density and inter-bundle interval were not significantly different between the W and VL injection cases, suggesting that the MZ is the primary origin of the axon bundles in L2. Interestingly, axons labeled by VL injections had a higher density at locations where the axon bundles reached upper L1, resulting in a clustered distribution of axons in this layer. Coherence analyses confirmed that axon density in upper L1 varied in phase with that in L2 for the VL injection cases. In tangential sections, axons labeled by W injections in lower L1 appeared to distribute in a square grid-like pattern, with expanded nodes. Quantitative analysis revealed that the axon bundles in coronal sections predominantly corresponded to the grid nodes in the tangential sections. Taken together, our results suggest a strong, uniform distribution of dmMGB axon terminals and a square grid-like distribution of MZ axon terminals in cortical upper L1. These two ascending inputs may exert differential influences on the function of L1 in the ACX.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12881,"journal":{"name":"Hearing Research","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 109275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}