Manlio Fazio, Chiara Maria Catena Sorbello, Vittorio Del Fabro, Alessandra Romano, Maria Teresa Cannizzaro, Nunziatina Laura Parrinello, Benedetta Esposito, Sara Frazzetto, Federica Elia, Francesco Di Raimondo, Concetta Conticello
{"title":"IgG-k/IgG-λ Para-Osseous Plasmacytoma Relapsed as Soft-Tissue Plasmacytoma with IgA-k Immunophenotype: A Case Report and Review of the Literature on Related Biochemical Aspects.","authors":"Manlio Fazio, Chiara Maria Catena Sorbello, Vittorio Del Fabro, Alessandra Romano, Maria Teresa Cannizzaro, Nunziatina Laura Parrinello, Benedetta Esposito, Sara Frazzetto, Federica Elia, Francesco Di Raimondo, Concetta Conticello","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16030052","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16030052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neoplastic plasma cells (PCs) proliferation at anatomic sites dislocated from the bone marrow (BM) or their contiguous growth from osseous lesions that disrupt the cortical bone is termed extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMD). EMD still remains challenging from a therapeutic and biological perspective. Pathogenesis has not been completely clarified, and it is generally associated with high-risk cytogenetics (HRCAs). In order to emphasize the clinical and biochemical complexity of this disease, we have decided to describe the case of a patient affected by relapsed-refractory (RR) EMD, which presented as para-osseous plasmacytoma with a bi-phenotypical immunoglobulin (Ig) component and lately relapsed as soft-tissue plasmacytoma with a total immunophenotype switch. We have also hypothesized a correlation between Ig patterns and prognosis and suggested the possible inclusion of these biochemical features in the general risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 3","pages":"541-551"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142284441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veera Eskelinen, Elise Nivakoski, Kirsi Launonen, Anu Partanen, Sakari Kakko, Milla E L Kuusisto
{"title":"First-Line Combination with Proteasome Inhibitor-Based Treatment and Zoledronic Acid Is Effective in Reducing Later Fractures in Multiple Myeloma Irrespective of Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease at Diagnosis.","authors":"Veera Eskelinen, Elise Nivakoski, Kirsi Launonen, Anu Partanen, Sakari Kakko, Milla E L Kuusisto","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16030051","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16030051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study provides real-world evidence on the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) bone disease with various bisphosphonates combined for different myeloma-specific treatments as no validated data regarding the best combination treatment for bone disease associated with MM are available. We examined retrospectively 345 MM patients treated with autologous stem cell transplantation in Finland during 1996-2020. The median age of the patients was 60 years with a median follow-up time of 50 months (1-339). At diagnosis, 72.1% of the patients had myeloma-associated bone disease and 45.8% had fractures. Most patients (58.8%) received proteasome inhibitor (PI)-containing treatment at first line. MM bone disease was treated in 91.6% of the patients; 49.9% received zoledronic acid (ZA) and 29.9% pamidronate. Inferior overall survival was associated with MM bone disease at diagnosis (<i>p</i> = 0.005) or a fracture at diagnosis (<i>p</i> = 0.003). A later fracture was identified in 29% of the patients, and in those patients without MM bone disease at diagnosis later fractures were less common after ZA treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.049). PI-based treatment plus ZA (<i>p</i> = 0.019) seemed to be the best combination to prevent later fractures, even though the same patient subgroup was more likely to experience relapse (<i>p</i> = 0.018), and also when excluding patients with previous induction therapy without novel agents (<i>p</i> = 0.008). To conclude, this study suggests that the best therapy to prevent later fractures in MM might be PI-based treatment combined with ZA.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 3","pages":"529-540"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142072603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lymphocytic Lymphoma Transforming into Hodgkin Lymphoma in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Sokhna Aïssatou Touré, Dibor Niang, Serigne Mourtalla Gueye, Mohamed Keita, Alioune Badara Diallo, Elimane Seydi Bousso, Fatma Dieng, Blaise Felix Faye, Moussa Seck, Saliou Diop","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16030050","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16030050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Hodgkin variant Richter syndrome (HvRS) is an infrequent complication occurring in 1% of lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. We report a case of HvRS diagnosed in Sub-Saharan Africa. A 63-year-old patient was consulted for the investigation of an abdominal mass that had been evolving for 5 years prior to admission. His history revealed night sweats, 13% weight loss in 3 months and persistent pruritis. Examination revealed bilateral cervical axillary and inguinal macroadenopathies, painless abdominal distension, pruritic lesions and WHO 2 PS. The blood count showed anemia at 9.5 g/dL. Histology revealed a lymphomatous proliferation of diffuse architecture, nodular in places, with Hodgkin and Sternberg cells associated with small lymphocytes, histiocytes and eosinophilic polymorphs. Immunohistochemistry showed CD20, PAX5, BCL2, CD5, CD23 and MYC positivity; Ki67 at 10% and cyclin D1, BCL6 and CD10 negativity; CD30 positivity on Hodgkin and Sternberg cells that remained CD20 negative; difficulty interpreting CD15; EBV positivity (EBERs); and CD3 and CD5 positivity on reactive T cells. CD138 and kappa and lambda light chains were non-contributory. The extension work-up classified the patient as Ann Arbor stage III B with a Hasenclever score of 3/7. This case illustrates the difficulties in diagnosing HvRS in our countries, where the number of haematopathologists is insufficient and the technical facilities are limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 3","pages":"523-528"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142072605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lorena Alves Santos, Anne Cristine Gomes de Almeida, Andrea Monteiro Tarragô, Nina Rosa Gonçalves da Silva, Juliana Nascimento Vitoriano da Silva, Mônica Moura de Souza, Monik Oney Oliveira Nascimento, Marcelo Reis do Nascimento, Ana Caroline Dos Santos Castro, Cinthia Xerez de Albuquerque, Evilázio Cunha Cardoso, José Pereira Moura Neto, Sérgio Roberto Lopes Albuquerque
{"title":"Investigation of Delayed Transfusion Reactions in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Polytransfused in the Brazilian Amazon.","authors":"Lorena Alves Santos, Anne Cristine Gomes de Almeida, Andrea Monteiro Tarragô, Nina Rosa Gonçalves da Silva, Juliana Nascimento Vitoriano da Silva, Mônica Moura de Souza, Monik Oney Oliveira Nascimento, Marcelo Reis do Nascimento, Ana Caroline Dos Santos Castro, Cinthia Xerez de Albuquerque, Evilázio Cunha Cardoso, José Pereira Moura Neto, Sérgio Roberto Lopes Albuquerque","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16030049","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16030049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects approximately 100,000 people in the United States and millions worldwide, with the highest prevalence of 70% of SCD being found in individuals of African ethnicity. Delayed hemolytic, alloimmunization, and anamnestic transfusion reactions in multiple transfusion patients need to be investigated and managed to avoid a worsening of the patient's clinical status.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This paper aims to investigate delayed transfusion reactions in SCD patients who were polytransfused in the Brazilian Amazon.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The clinical and laboratory indicators of SCD patients with more than four transfusions were investigated. The patients were treated at the Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado do Amazonas, Brazil.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 44 polytransfused patients with SCD were followed. Regarding Rh phenotype, it was possible to observe a frequency of 26.6% (12) patients with the RZRZ (DCE/DCE) phenotype, in addition to 4.5% (two) patients with <i>RH</i> and <i>RHCE</i> variants. It was also possible to observe 20.5% (nine) patients with an alloimmunization reaction, who presented the following alloantibodies: anti-RhD, anti-E, anti-K, anti-Jk<sup>b</sup>, anti-N, anti-S, and anti-Di<sup>a</sup>, two of which are unidentified. Of these, four (44.4%) patients also presented autoantibodies, anti-e, and three unidentified antibodies, and four (44.4%) patients presented an anamnestic reaction, with anti-RhD, K, and Jkb antibodies. Of the 44 patients monitored, 54.4% (24) had clinical and laboratory indicators of a delayed hemolytic reaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Delayed transfusion reactions, often neglected, occur frequently. Therefore, transfusions need to be monitored for at least 28 days, with medical investigation of clinical and laboratory indicators to make greater use of this therapeutic resource.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 3","pages":"512-522"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142072604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Persistently High Platelet Factor 4 Levels in an Adolescent with Recurrent Late Thrombotic Complications after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination.","authors":"Yoichi Haga, Akira Ohara, Tsuneyoshi Yakuwa, Akari Yamashita, Midori Udo, Masaki Matsuoka, Hiroshi Ohara, Atsushi Yasumoto, Hiroyuki Takahashi","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16030048","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16030048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thrombosis after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination is a serious complication in patients with a thrombophilic predisposition. Herein, we present a 17-year-old female who had underlying antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 6 months after her second BNT162b2 vaccine dose. Although she had no family history of thrombosis, she had previously developed DVT at 6 years of age, with thrombus formation in the right common iliac vein and the inferior vena cava, along with concomitant left pulmonary infarction. The patient had received anticoagulant therapy for 6 years after DVT onset, with subsequent treatment cessation for 5 years without recurrence. She received the BNT162b2 vaccine at 17 years of age, 1 week before a routine outpatient visit. Platelet factor 4 elevation was detected 14 days after the first vaccination, persisting for 5 months without thrombotic symptoms. Six months after the second vaccine dose, the DVT recurred and was treated with a direct oral anticoagulant. The vaccine was hypothesized to exacerbate the patient's APS by activating coagulation. Platelet factor 4 levels may indicate coagulation status. When patients predisposed to thrombosis are vaccinated, coagulation status and platelet activation markers should be monitored to prevent DVT development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 3","pages":"504-511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142072606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zubair Hassan Bodla, Mariam Hashmi, Fatima Niaz, Austin B Auyeung, Anuoluwa Oyetoran, Muhammad Jahanzeb Khalil, Muhammad Salman Faisal, Farhan Khalid, Abdel-Rahman Zakieh, Yvette Bazikian, Christopher L Bray
{"title":"Double Trouble: COVID-19 Infection Exacerbates Sickle Cell Crisis Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients-Insights from National Inpatient Sample 2020.","authors":"Zubair Hassan Bodla, Mariam Hashmi, Fatima Niaz, Austin B Auyeung, Anuoluwa Oyetoran, Muhammad Jahanzeb Khalil, Muhammad Salman Faisal, Farhan Khalid, Abdel-Rahman Zakieh, Yvette Bazikian, Christopher L Bray","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16030041","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16030041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on patients with sickle cell crisis (SCC) using National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data for the year 2020. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted utilizing International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes to identify adults who were admitted with a principal diagnosis of sickle cell crisis. The primary outcomes examined were inpatient mortality, while the secondary outcomes assessed included morbidity, hospital length of stay, and resource utilization. Analyses were conducted with STATA. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were used to adjust for confounding variables. <b>Results:</b> Of 66,415 adult patients with a primary SCC diagnosis, 875 were identified with a secondary diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Unadjusted mortality rate was higher for SCC patients with COVID-19 (2.28%) compared to those without (0.33%), with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 8.49 (<i>p</i> = 0.001). They also showed increased odds of developing acute respiratory failure (aOR = 2.37, <i>p</i> = 0.003) and acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (aOR = 8.66, <i>p</i> = 0.034). Additionally, these patients had longer hospital stays by an adjusted mean of 3.30 days (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and incurred higher hospitalization charges by an adjusted mean of USD 35,578 (<i>p</i> = 0.005). <b>Conclusions:</b> The SCC patients with COVID-19 presented higher mortality rates, increased morbidity indicators, longer hospital stays, and substantial economic burdens.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 3","pages":"421-430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141758269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandra Mongia, Francesca Romano, Sara Ciullini Mannurita, Benedetta Peruzzi, Sara Bencini, Daniela Parrini, Laura Fasano, Alessandra Fanelli
{"title":"A Rare Onset of T-Lymphoid Blast Crisis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia with Two Distinct Blast Populations.","authors":"Alessandra Mongia, Francesca Romano, Sara Ciullini Mannurita, Benedetta Peruzzi, Sara Bencini, Daniela Parrini, Laura Fasano, Alessandra Fanelli","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16030040","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16030040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by bone marrow expansion and the proliferation of one or more myeloid cell lineages, predominantly driven by the expression of the constitutively active fusion product tyrosine kinase BCR:ABL1. Rarely, CML patients directly develop a blast crisis (BC), mostly of myeloid origin. CML at blast crisis with a T-cell phenotype at diagnosis, without any prior history of CML, is extremely rare. Herein, we describe one rare CML case, in a young man showing an unusual and early T-lymphoid blastic crisis at diagnosis, as the first onset of a previously unknown CML. The multidisciplinary collaboration between laboratorians and clinicians for the diagnosis and management of this atypical case was crucial in outlining both a targeted pharmacological treatment and a successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 3","pages":"413-420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141758268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Martínez-Carballeira, Ángel Bernardo, Alberto Caro, Inmaculada Soto, Laura Gutiérrez
{"title":"Treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenia: Contextualization from a Historical Perspective.","authors":"Daniel Martínez-Carballeira, Ángel Bernardo, Alberto Caro, Inmaculada Soto, Laura Gutiérrez","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16030039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16030039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an isolated decrease in platelet count and an increased risk of bleeding. The pathogenesis is complex, affecting multiple components of the immune system and causing both peripheral destruction of platelets and inadequate production in the bone marrow. In this article, we review the treatment of ITP from a historical perspective, discussing first line and second line treatments, and management of refractory disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 3","pages":"390-412"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141758270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neutropenia in Childhood-A Narrative Review and Practical Diagnostic Approach.","authors":"Georgios Katsaras, Silouani Koutsi, Evdokia Psaroulaki, Dimitra Gouni, Pelagia Tsitsani","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16020038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16020038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neutropenia refers to a decrease in the absolute neutrophil count according to age and race norms and poses a common concern in pediatric practice. Neutrophils serve as host defenders and act crucially in acute inflammation procedures. In this narrative review, we systematically present causes of neutropenia in childhood, mainly adopting the pathophysiological classification of Frater, thereby studying (1) neutropenia with reduced bone marrow reserve, (2) secondary neutropenia with reduced bone marrow reserve, and (3) neutropenia with normal bone marrow reserve. Different conditions in each category are thoroughly discussed and practically approached from the clinician's point of view. Secondary mild to moderate neutropenia is usually benign due to childhood viral infections and is expected to resolve in 2-4 weeks. Bacterial and fungal agents are also associated with transient neutropenia, although fever with severe neutropenia constitutes a medical emergency. Drug-induced and immune neutropenias should be suspected following a careful history and a detailed clinical examination. Cytotoxic chemotherapies treating malignancies are responsible for severe neutropenia and neutropenic shock. Rare genetic neutropenias usually manifest with major infections early in life. Our review of taxonomies clinical findings and associates them to specific neutropenia disorders. We consequently propose a practical diagnostic algorithm for managing neutropenic children.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 2","pages":"375-389"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11203312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ingrid S Tam, Mohamed Elemary, John DeCoteau, Anna Porwit, Emina E Torlakovic
{"title":"Morphological Clues of Acute Monocytic Leukemia in COVID-19-Induced Transient Leukoerythroblastic Reaction with Monocytosis.","authors":"Ingrid S Tam, Mohamed Elemary, John DeCoteau, Anna Porwit, Emina E Torlakovic","doi":"10.3390/hematolrep16020033","DOIUrl":"10.3390/hematolrep16020033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viral infections, including those caused by COVID-19, can produce striking morphologic changes in peripheral blood. Distinguishing between reactive changes and abnormal morphology of monocytes remains particularly difficult, with low consensus rates reported amongst hematopathologists. Here, we report a patient who developed transient monocytosis of 11.06 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L with 32% promonocytes and 1% blasts during hospitalization that was secondary to severe COVID-19 infection. Three days later, the clinical status of the patient improved and the WBC had decreased to 8.47 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L with 2.2 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L monocytes. Flow cytometry studies did not reveal immunophenotypic findings specific for an overt malignant population. At no time during admission did the patient develop cytopenia(s), and she was discharged upon clinical improvement. However, the peripheral blood sample containing promonocytes was sent for molecular testing with an extended next-generation sequencing myeloid panel and was positive for pathogenic <i>NPM1</i> Type A and <i>DNMT3A</i> R882H mutations. Subsequently, despite an essentially normal complete blood count, the patient underwent a bone marrow assessment that showed acute myeloid leukemia with 77% promonocytes. This case emphasizes the critical importance of a full work up to exclude acute leukemia when classical promonocyte morphology is encountered in the peripheral blood. Promonocytes are not a part of the reactive changes associated with COVID-19 and remain specific to myeloid neoplasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12829,"journal":{"name":"Hematology Reports","volume":"16 2","pages":"331-335"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11203109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}