Geochemical Transactions最新文献

{"title":"Frontiers and advances in environmental soil chemistry: a special issue in honor of Prof. Donald L. Sparks","authors":"Young-Shin Jun, Mengqiang Zhu, Derek Peak","doi":"10.1186/s12932-020-00070-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-020-00070-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-020-00070-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4669083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A golden period for environmental soil chemistry","authors":"Donald L. Sparks","doi":"10.1186/s12932-020-00068-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-020-00068-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-020-00068-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4000653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraining the carbonate system in soils via testing the internal consistency of pH, pCO2 and alkalinity measurements","authors":"Sima Bargrizan,&nbsp;Ronald J. Smernik,&nbsp;Luke M. Mosley","doi":"10.1186/s12932-020-00069-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-020-00069-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inorganic carbon exists in various dissolved, gaseous and solid phase forms in natural waters and soils. It is important to accurately measure and model these forms to understand system responses to global climate change. The carbonate system can, in theory, be fully constrained and modelled by measuring at least two out of the following four parameters: partial pressure (pCO₂), total alkalinity (TA), pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) but this has not been demonstrated in soils. In this study, this “internal consistency” of the soil carbonate system was examined by predicting pH of soil extracts from laboratory measurement of TA through alkalinity titration for solutions in which pCO₂ was fixed through equilibrating the soil solution with air with a known pCO₂. This predicted pH (pH_CO2) was compared with pH measured on the same soil extracts using spectrophotometric and glass electrode methods (pH_{spec and} pH_elec). Discrepancy between measured and calculated pH was within 0.00–0.1 pH unit for most samples. However, more deviation was observed for those sample with low alkalinity (≤?0.5?meq L^?1). This is likely attributable to an effect of dissolved organic matter, which can contribute alkalinity not considered in the thermodynamic carbonate model calculations; further research is required to resolve this problem. The effects of increasing soil pCO₂ was modelled to illustrate how internally consistent models can be used to predict risks of pH declines and carbonate mineral dissolution in some soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-020-00069-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5162614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of quantitative solution 31P NMR analysis of soil organic P: a study of spin–lattice relaxation responding to paramagnetic ions","authors":"Yunbin Jiang,&nbsp;Fengmin Zhang,&nbsp;Chao Ren,&nbsp;Wei Li","doi":"10.1186/s12932-020-00067-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-020-00067-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been widely applied to analyze the speciation of soil organic P; however, this time-consuming technique suffers from a low analytical efficiency, because of the lack of fundamental information such as the spin–lattice relaxation (<i>T</i>₁) of ³¹P nucleus for model P compounds. In this study, we for the first time determined the <i>T</i>₁ values of twelve typical soil organic P compounds using the inversion recovery method. Furthermore, we examined the effect of co-existing paramagnetic ions (e.g., Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺) on the reduction of the <i>T</i>₁ values of these compounds. Without the addition of paramagnetic ions, the <i>T</i>₁ values of twelve model P compounds ranged from 0.61?s for phytic acid to 9.65?s for orthophosphate. In contrast, the presence of paramagnetic ion significantly shortened the <i>T</i>₁ values of orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and phytic acid to 1.29, 1.26, and 0.07?s, respectively, except that of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) remaining unchanged. Additionally, we evaluated the feasibility of improving the efficiency of quantitative ³¹P NMR analysis via addition of paramagnetic ion. Results show that, after an addition of 50?mg L^?1 paramagnetic ions, ³¹P NMR measurement can be 3 times more efficient, attributed to the reduced <i>T</i>₁ and the corresponding recycle delay.</p>","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-020-00067-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4678134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of metal cation substitution on hexavalent chromium reduction by green rust","authors":"Andrew N. Thomas,&nbsp;Elisabeth Eiche,&nbsp;Jörg Göttlicher,&nbsp;Ralph Steininger,&nbsp;Liane G. Benning,&nbsp;Helen M. Freeman,&nbsp;Dominique J. Tobler,&nbsp;Marco Mangayayam,&nbsp;Knud Dideriksen,&nbsp;Thomas Neumann","doi":"10.1186/s12932-020-00066-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-020-00066-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chromium contamination is a serious environmental issue in areas affected by leather tanning and metal plating, and green rust sulfate has been tested extensively as a potential material for in situ chemical reduction of hexavalent chromium in groundwater. Reported products and mechanisms for the reaction have varied, most likely because of green rust’s layered structure, as reduction at outer and interlayer surfaces might produce different reaction products with variable stabilities. Based on studies of Cr(III) oxidation by biogenic Mn (IV) oxides, Cr mobility in oxic soils is controlled by the solubility of the Cr(III)-bearing phase. Therefore, careful engineering of green rust properties, i.e., crystal/particle size, morphology, structure, and electron availability, is essential for its optimization as a remediation reagent. In the present study, pure green rust sulfate and green rust sulfate with Al, Mg and Zn substitutions were synthesized and reacted with identical chromate (CrO₄^2?) solutions. The reaction products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, pair distribution function analysis, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy and treated with synthetic δ-MnO₂ to assess how easily Cr(III) in the products could be oxidized. It was found that Mg substitution had the most beneficial effect on Cr lability in the product. Less than 2.5% of the Cr(III) present in the reacted Mg-GR was reoxidized by δ-MnO₂ within 14?days, and the particle structure and Cr speciation observed during X-ray scattering and absorption analyses of this product suggested that Cr(VI) was reduced in its interlayer. Reduction in the interlayer lead to the linkage of newly-formed Cr(III) to hydroxyl groups in the adjacent octahedral layers, which resulted in increased structural coherency between these layers, distinctive rim domains, sequestration of Cr(III) in insoluble Fe oxide bonding environments resistant to reoxidation and partial transformation to Cr(III)-substituted feroxyhyte. Based on the results of this study of hexavalent chromium reduction by green rust sulfate and other studies, further improvements can also be made to this remediation technique by reacting chromate with a large excess of green rust sulfate, which provides excess Fe(II) that can catalyze transformation to more crystalline iron oxides, and synthesis of the reactant under alkaline conditions, which has been shown to favor chromium reduction in the interlayer of Fe(II)-bearing phyllosilicates.</p>","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-020-00066-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4570760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrimination of topsoil environments in a karst landscape: an outcome of a geochemical mapping campaign","authors":"Ozren Hasan,&nbsp;Slobodan Miko,&nbsp;Nikolina Ilijanić,&nbsp;Dea Brunović,&nbsp;Željko Dedić,&nbsp;Martina Šparica Miko,&nbsp;Zoran Peh","doi":"10.1186/s12932-019-0065-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-019-0065-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study presented in this work emerged as a result of a multiyear regional geochemical survey based on low-density topsoil sampling and the ensuing geochemical atlas of Croatia. This study focuses on the Dinaric part of Croatia to expound the underlying mechanisms controlling the mobilities and variations in distribution of potentially harmful elements as observed from different environmental angles. Although serious environmental degradation of the vulnerable karst soil landscapes was expected to occur chiefly through the accumulation of various heavy metals, the most acute threat materialized through the soil acidification (Al-toxicity) affecting the entire Dinaric karst area. This picture surfaced from the analysis of all three investigated discriminant function models employing the abovementioned environmental criteria selected autonomously with respect to the evaluated soil geochemistry, namely, geologic setting, regional placement and land use. These models are presented by not only the characteristic discriminant-function diagrams but also a set of appropriate mathematically derived geochemical maps disclosing the allocations of potential threats to the karst soil landscapes posed by soil acidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-019-0065-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4161058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermobility of barium, strontium, and lead in chloride and sulfate leach solutions","authors":"Mark Rollog,&nbsp;Nigel J. Cook,&nbsp;Paul Guagliardo,&nbsp;Kathy Ehrig,&nbsp;Sarah E. Gilbert,&nbsp;Matt Kilburn","doi":"10.1186/s12932-019-0064-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-019-0064-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Production of radionuclide-free copper concentrates is dependent on understanding and controlling the deportment of daughter radionuclides (RNs) produced from ²³⁸U decay, specifically ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb, and ²¹⁰Po. Sulfuric acid leaching is currently employed in the Olympic Dam processing plant (South Australia) to remove U and fluorine from copper concentrates prior to smelting but does not adequately remove the aforementioned RN. Due to chemical similarities between lead and alkaline earth metals (including Ra), two sets of experiments were designed to understand solution interactions between Sr, Ba, and Pb at various conditions. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) isotopic spatial distribution maps and laser ablation inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry transects were performed on laboratory-grown crystals of baryte, celestite, and anglesite which had been exposed to different solutions under different pH and reaction time conditions. Analysis of experimental products reveals three uptake mechanisms: overgrowth of nearly pure SrSO₄ and PbSO₄ on baryte; incorporation of minor of Pb and Ba into celestite due to diffusion; and extensive replacement of Pb by Sr (and less extensive replacement of Pb by Ba) in anglesite via coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reactions. The presence of H₂SO₄ either enhanced or inhibited these reactions. Kinetic modelling supports the experimental results, showing potential for extrapolating the (Sr, Ba, Pb)SO₄ system to encompass RaSO₄. Direct observation of grain-scale element distributions by nanoSIMS aids understanding of the controlling conditions and mechanisms of replacement that may be critical steps for Pb and Ra removal from concentrates by allowing construction of a cationic replacement scenario targeting Pb or Ra, or ideally all insoluble sulfates. Experimental results provide a foundation for further investigation of RN uptake during minerals processing, especially during acid leaching. The new evidence enhances understanding of micro- to nanoscale chemical interactions and not only aids determination of where radionuclides reside during each processing stage but also guides development of flowsheets targeting their removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-019-0064-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4230495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite","authors":"Rodrigo C. Pereira,&nbsp;Pedro R. Anizelli,&nbsp;Eduardo Di Mauro,&nbsp;Daniel F. Valezi,&nbsp;Antonio Carlos S. da Costa,&nbsp;Cássia Thaïs B. V. Zaia,&nbsp;Dimas A. M. Zaia","doi":"10.1186/s12932-019-0063-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-019-0063-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although, glyphosate (<i>N</i>-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, its interaction with poorly crystalline iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite, is not well studied. In this research, we examined the adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), adsorption kinetic models and adsorption isotherm models. The effect of pH and sodium chloride concentration on the adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite as well as the effect of extractors (CaCl₂ 0.010?mol?L^?1 and Mehlich) on the desorption of glyphosate were also evaluated. There are two important findings described in this work. First, 84% of adsorbed glyphosate strongly interacted to ferrihydrite as an inner-sphere complex and phosphate and amine groups are involved in this interaction. Second, an increase of sodium chloride salt concentration increased the adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite. The non-linear Langmuir model and pseudo second order model showed a good agreement of theoretical limit of glyphosate adsorbed onto ferrihydrite, 54.88?μg?mg^?1 and 48.8?μg?mg^?1, respectively. The adsorption of glyphosate onto ferrihydrite decreased when the pH increased. Under the conditions used in this work, EPR spectra did not show dissolution of ferrihydrite. Surface area, pore volume and pH_pzc of ferrihydrite decreased after adsorption of glyphosate.</p>","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-019-0063-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4948912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reductive dissolution of As(V)-bearing Fe(III)-precipitates formed by Fe(II) oxidation in aqueous solutions","authors":"Andreas Voegelin,&nbsp;Anna-Caterina Senn,&nbsp;Ralf Kaegi,&nbsp;Stephan J. Hug","doi":"10.1186/s12932-019-0062-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-019-0062-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Iron(III)-precipitates formed by the oxidation of dissolved Fe(II) are important sorbents for major and trace elements in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Their reductive dissolution in turn may result in the release of associated elements. We examined the reductive dissolution kinetics of an environmentally relevant set of Fe(II)-derived arsenate-containing Fe(III)-precipitates whose structure as function of phosphate (P) and silicate (Si) content varied between poorly-crystalline lepidocrocite, amorphous Fe(III)-phosphate, and Si-containing ferrihydrite. The experiments were performed with 0.2–0.5?mM precipitate-Fe(III) using 10?mM Na-ascorbate as reductant, 5?mM bipyridine as Fe(II)-complexing ligand, and 10?mM MOPS/5?mM NaOH as pH 7.0 buffer. Times required for the dissolution of half of the precipitate (t_50%) ranged from 1.5 to 39?h; spanning a factor 25 range. At loadings up to ~?0.2 P/Fe (molar ratio), phosphate decreased the t_50% of Si-free precipitates, probably by reducing the crystallinity of lepidocrocite. The reductive dissolution of Fe(III)-phosphates formed at higher P/Fe ratios was again slower, possibly due to P-inhibited ascorbate binding to precipitate-Fe(III). The slowest reductive dissolution was observed for P-free Si-ferrihydrite with ~?0.1 Si/Fe, suggesting that silicate binding and polymerization may reduce surface accessibility. The inhibiting effect of Si was reduced by phosphate. Dried-resuspended precipitates dissolved 1.0 to 1.8-times more slowly than precipitates that were kept wet after synthesis, most probably because drying enhanced nanoparticle aggregation. Variations in the reductive dissolution kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation products as reported from this study should be taken into account when addressing the impact of such precipitates on the environmental cycling of co-transformed nutrients and contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-019-0062-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4867141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The formation of spinel-group minerals in contaminated soils: the sequestration of metal(loid)s by unexpected incidental nanoparticles","authors":"Michael Schindler,&nbsp;Haley Mantha,&nbsp;Michael F. Hochella Jr.","doi":"10.1186/s12932-019-0061-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-019-0061-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mineralogical studies of contaminated soils affected by smelter emission and dust from mining activities indicate that minerals of the spinel group are one of the common hosts of metal-bearing contaminants. Spinel group minerals typically originate from high temperature processes, but an increasing number of studies indicate that metal-bearing spinel group minerals can also form under ambient Earth surface conditions in surficial soils. In this contribution to honor Donald Sparks, we show that the spinels Zn-bearing magnetite (Zn_0.5Fe_2.5O₄) and minium (Pb₃O₄) form during low temperature alteration of Pb-bearing silica glass in surficial organic rich soils in proximity to a former Cu-smelter in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. The glass most likely formed during high-temperature processes and has been either emitted by the smelter or wind-blown from waste rock piles to near-by soils. The alteration of the glass by percolating pore solutions has resulted in the formation of large micrometer-size dendritic etch features and in nanometer-size dendritic alteration halos composed of nano-size prismatic crystals of Zn-rich magnetite and spherical nanoparticles of minium. Both spinel-type phases are embedded in an amorphous silica matrix which formed during the alteration of the glass at low temperature. A review on the occurrence of spinel-group minerals in smelter-affected soils or mine tailings indicates that the formation of these minerals under ambient Earth surface conditions is quite common and often results in the sequestration of contaminants such as Cu, Ni, Zn and Sb. The pedogenic spinels often occur as euhedral crystals in nano-size mineral assemblages within alteration features such as dendritic etch patterns, mineral surface coatings and mineralized organic matter. Their well-developed crystal forms indicate that (a) they have not formed during a rapid cooling process in a smelter or refinery which typically creates spherical particulate matter, and (b) they have not been part of particulate matter added via fluvial or Aeolian processes which most commonly yield anhedral morphologies. The formation of nano-size spinel-group minerals in low temperature environmental settings may lead to the long-term storage of metal(loid)s in mineral phases and their transport over vast distances via fluvial, alluvial and Aeolian processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12694,"journal":{"name":"Geochemical Transactions","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12932-019-0061-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4544057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}