African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction, revisiting the intersections: A review article","authors":"I. Ezeani, Stanley U. Ogbonna","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_13_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_13_22","url":null,"abstract":"There is an overwhelming evidence of the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and thyroid dysfunction. The literature is robustly littered with data demonstrating the intersection of these two most common endocrine conditions. However, the extent of these intersections still remains complex, conflicting, and unclear. Therefore, we aimed to review the current literature on these intersections with an emphasis on interrelationship between thyroid dysfunction and T2DM. Several mechanisms have been postulated; some of which include but are not limited to blunting of the nocturnal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) peak impairment of the TSH response to TRH from the hypothalamus, impairment of peripheral conversion from T4 to T3, increased hepatocyte plasma membrane concentrations of glucose transporter in the liver, which leads to an increased hepatic glucose output and abnormal glucose metabolism, to the perturbed genetic expression of a group of genes along with physiological abnormality. Insulin resistance has been shown to be associated with thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism) in patients with T2DM. In other words, insulin resistance links both conditions. Several studies have evidenced an incontrovertible role of thyroid dysfunction as an intertwined cohort of T2DM. A plethora of guidelines have been exhaustively evaluated highlighting their key messages while synthesizing the relationship existing between them. The different treatment options available inexorably validate the importance of the intersection between these two endocrine conditions.","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123535085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonvirilized external genitalia in a Nigerian female neonate with salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia","authors":"E. Oyenusi, Funmilayo Babatunde, Pauline Akowundu, Uzoamaka Nwigbo, A. Oduwole","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_14_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_14_22","url":null,"abstract":"A 3-week-old female neonate presented with complaints of weakness and inability to feed. She had been delivered at a general hospital with a birth weight of 3.3 kg. She had jaundice, which was treated with phototherapy and resolved after 3 days. Pregnancy and delivery were uneventful. Parents identified her as female. Examination revealed hanging skin folds, dehydration, tachycardia, hyperpigmentation and swelling of the labial folds, no clitoromegaly, and no palpable gonads. She had lost 30% of her birth weight and was hypoglycemic. Serum investigations showed hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and hypocortisolemia with elevated testosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Pelvic ultra sound scan showed normal-sized uterus and no testes suggesting a diagnosis of salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). She is being managed with hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and added salt to feeds. Labial swelling and hyperpigmentation have resolved and external genitalia is typically female in appearance. She is gaining weight and thriving. Salt-wasting CAH can present with adrenal crisis without obvious virilization of the external genitalia in the female neonate and can be diagnosed by scrutiny of electrolytes in the sick neonate.","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122385356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A male neonate failing to thrive with an endocrine disorder","authors":"F. Irewole-Ojo, Esther Olutola, O. Olutekunbi, Mary Lawal, Oluwaseun Fagbuyi","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_1_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_1_23","url":null,"abstract":"Failure to thrive (FTT) is weight consistently below the 3rd to 5th percentile for age and sex, progressive decrease in weight to below the 3rd to 5th percentile, or a decrease in two major growth percentiles in a short period. The cause may be an identified medical condition, may be related to environmental factors, or may be multifactorial. Congenital adrenal hypoplasia (CAH), an endocrine disorder, is a rare cause of FTT in the newborn. We report a male neonate with FTT secondary to suspected CAH, salt-losing form. The case is reported to orient clinicians to have a high index of suspicion for any neonate who is failing to thrive. A 25-day-old male neonate presented with a history of poor weight gain. Weight at presentation was 2.8 kg, and birth weight was 3.7 kg (had lost 24% of birth weight). Mother is a 35-year-old Para 3 (3 Alive) woman who had a good appetite and was lactating well. Initial random blood sugar (RBS) was 117 mg/dL, but within minutes, she was observed to be unconscious, with a repeat RBS of 39 mg/dL. A thorough physical examination revealed a hyperpigmented male phallus with a stretched penile length of 4.8 cm and testicular volume of 2 cm3 using a standard orchidometer. Investigation results revealed hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, with normal urea and creatinine levels. Full blood count parameters were essentially within the normal range. Serum cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, serum testosterone, and serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate were not done. The patient was managed conservatively with dextrose-containing fluid and correction of electrolyte derangement. Weight was 2.7 kg on discharge. Weight on follow-up was 3.2 kg.","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114261627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediabetes and its correlates in a suburban community in South-South Nigeria","authors":"Osaro Ejenobo, Eunice Chike-Ezue, A. Eregie, Andrew Edo","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_5_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_5_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prediabetes is a high-risk state for diabetes mellitus (DM) and is associated with the chronic complications of DM. There is paucity of data on prediabetes and its associated risk factors in Nigeria, particularly in the suburban setting. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and its associated risk factors in a suburban community in south-south Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study carried out among 382 adult residents in Mosogar, Delta State. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic and clinical information of the subjects. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were done according to standard protocols. Blood sample was collected for oral glucose tolerance test, fasting serum lipid profile, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Results: A total of 350 subjects (36.3% men and 63.7% women) completed the study. The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 46 (14.1) years. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired HbA1c was 16.6%, 16.3%, and 19.2%, respectively. The overall prevalence of prediabetes and undiagnosed DM was 22.0% and 5.1%, respectively. On multivariate logistic regression, the significant predictors of prediabetes were increasing age, a family history of DM (adjusted odd’s ratio [AOR] 16.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.25–88.36), overweight (AOR 4.08, 95% CI = 1.72–9.63), obesity (AOR 5.63, 95% CI = 1.59–19.90), inadequate physical activity (AOR 5.28, 95% CI = 2.08–13.41) and elevated triglycerides (AOR 9.69, 95% CI = 1.77–53.18). Moderate alcohol intake was associated with a reduced risk for prediabetes (AOR 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12–0.92). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of prediabetes in Mosogar community, Delta State. There is need for education of community members on dietary and lifestyle modifications aimed at reducing the risk of prediabetes and ultimately diabetes.","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"100 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116652370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sugar tax and obesity/overweight in Nigeria","authors":"O. Fasanmade, Felicia Anumah","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_6_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_6_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114743783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burdens of noncommunicable disease and communicable disease on a typical Nigerian diabetes mellitus patient with multiple comorbidities","authors":"Timilehin Benjamin, Ibe Tobechukwu, Chikwendu Izu","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_3_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_3_23","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular, respiratory, cancers, and diabetes are often regarded as noncommunicable diseases. The attendant challenges in their managements are rather demanding because of the huge cost implications in their diagnoses, treatments, and follow ups; the pressure, the physical and emotional exertions on patients’ relatives who constitute the primary-care providers; the poor prognoses and unfavorable case outcomes. Much more worrisome is the deleterious effects such disease conditions have on the immunity of patients. Non-communicable diseases break down patients’ walls of defenses and in the process pave way for myriads of communicable diseases. While most communicable diseases such as pneumonia, human immunodeficiency virus infections, tuberculosis, and coronavirus disease 2019 have a good prognosis in immunocompetent patients, concomitant presence with some of these noncommunicable diseases often produces poor or guarded prognosis. It is, therefore, imperative to ensure good public health advocacy on the menace of the threats posed by the duo of communicable and non-communicable diseases and the need for good health-seeking behaviors among patients. Besides, this case report will underscore the need for health insurance in developing countries. This case study aimed to highlight some of the burdens of non-communicable and communicable diseases on a typical Nigerian patient from the low socioeconomic class; his relatives and health care providers. He presented with history of cough, weight loss and diabetes mellitus at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba Lagos, Nigeria. Even though there was a good chance of surviving the illness, he succumbed due to multiple factors.","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124628045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperprolactinemia following traumatic myelopathy","authors":"A. Esan, Jokotade Adeleye, Abimbola Olukayode Lawal, Oluwakemi A. Badejo","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_1_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_1_22","url":null,"abstract":"Prolactin, an anterior pituitary gland hormone, is necessary for breast development in pregnancy and initiation of lactation. Prolactinomas constitute a pathological cause of elevated serum prolactin levels and are the most common type of pituitary adenomas. Excess prolactin could result from physiological causes that include pregnancy, lactation, sleep, and coitus. The usual presentation of hyperprolactinemia is galactorrhea. There are reports of elevated prolactin levels following other pathological causes such as chest wall lesions, chest wall trauma, and medications. We report the rare association of hyperprolactinemia with traumatic injury to the spinal cord in a Nigerian patient, and a brief review of the relevant literature.","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127443625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum neurotransmitters level in response to acute restraint stress in perimenopausal female rats following L-arginine supplementation","authors":"A. Arikawe, Okikiade Oghene, A. Olusanya, O. Olumide, Olayemi Dawodu, Pateince Babafemi, S. Jaja","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_2_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_2_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Reproductive aging in females is a continuous process involving progressive follicular depletion that begins at birth and extends through the menopausal transition. Objective: This study aimed to assess neurotransmitter interplay in L-arginine-supplemented perimenopausal female rats subjected to an acute restraint stress paradigm. Materials/Methods: Fifty-four female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Control rats (injected with Corn oil 2.5 μL/g BW); VCD rats (injected with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide 160 mg/kg BW diluted in Corn oil) both for 15 days; and Aging rats (210 days old) left to age naturally. Sixty days after VCD/corn oil administration and 240 days in Aging group, rats were further divided into two subgroups: distilled water and L-arginine supplemented (100 mg/kg BW) for additional 30 days. At 130 days in Control and VCD groups, and 270 days in Aging group on diestrus morning, animals were decapitated at two different time points (“before” and “after”) restraint stress. Trunk blood was collected into plain tubes; centrifuged to extract serum which was stored at –80°C for dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin measurements using specialized high-sensitive ELISA kits from LDN immunoassay company, Germany). Results: Before and after restraint stress, serum dopamine and noradrenaline levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the perimenopausal groups compared to Control group, whereas serum serotonin was not significantly different amongst the three groups. L-arginine supplementation after stress significantly reduced (P < 0.05) serum dopamine in VCD rats and significantly increased (P < 0.05) it in Aging rats. On the other hand, L-arginine supplementation significantly lowered (P < 0.05) serum noradrenaline in Control rats and significantly increased (P < 0.05) it in VCD rats. Furthermore, after stress, L-arginine supplementation also significantly lowered (P < 0.05) serum serotonin in VCD and Aging rats compared to the Control rats. Conclusion: L-arginine supplementation showed differential effects in an attempt to regulate neurotransmitters and this could be protective against hormonal fluctuations that occur during perimenopause.","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131156500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of the extract of dried roots of Jatropha curcas in the female Wistar rats","authors":"A. Ale, O. Odesanmi, Olubunmi Adeola Magbagbeola","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_10_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_10_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122970061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin D status and bone health in healthy adult Nigerians","authors":"A. Ale, Sanya Osalusi, OL Adeyemo","doi":"10.4103/ajem.ajem_7_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajem.ajem_7_21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126771,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130039081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}