1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1130/g51671.1

Xueliang Wang, John J. Clague, Paolo Frattini, Shengwen Qi, Hengxing Lan, Wen Zhang, Lihui Li, Juanjuan Sun, Giovanni Battista Crosta

{"title":"Effect of short-term, climate-driven sediment deposition on tectonically controlled alluvial channel incision","authors":"Xueliang Wang, John J. Clague, Paolo Frattini, Shengwen Qi, Hengxing Lan, Wen Zhang, Lihui Li, Juanjuan Sun, Giovanni Battista Crosta","doi":"10.1130/g51671.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51671.1","url":null,"abstract":"Debate about relations between rates of fluvial incision and time (the “Sadler effect”) continues, impeding the use of incision rates to infer tectonic and climatic processes. There is a dearth of detailed field evidence that can be used to explore the coupling between tectonics and climate in controlling alluvial channel geometry and incision rates over time scales of 102−105 yr. We present field data from the Rumei watershed of southeast Tibet, which we obtained by mapping and dating late Pleistocene (ca. 135 ka) fluvial terraces and related channels, measuring channel hydraulic geometry, and calculating channel steepness indexes and incision rates. The evidence indicates that climate forcing is the main driver of sediment production and delivery to streams in the watershed. New aggradation events altered alluvial valley and channel geometry and, coupled with tectonic uplift, affected the rate of channel incision in the catchment. We propose a conceptual model (see pdf for equation) that links uplift-driven incision (see pdf for equation) induced by climate change, which is valid in catchments and other areas. We conclude that the reduction in incision depth caused by climate-driven channel aggradation is significant on short time scales (102−105 yr), and its cumulative effect contributes to the “Sadler effect” on long time scales (&gt;106 yr).","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"32 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136019462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No evidence for a volcanic trigger for late Cambrian carbon-cycle perturbations 没有证据表明火山引发了寒武纪晚期的碳循环扰动

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1130/g51570.1

J. Frieling, T.A. Mather, I.M. Fendley, H.C. Jenkyns, Z. Zhao, T.W. Dahl, B.A. Bergquist, K. Cheng, A.T. Nielsen, A.J. Dickson

{"title":"No evidence for a volcanic trigger for late Cambrian carbon-cycle perturbations","authors":"J. Frieling, T.A. Mather, I.M. Fendley, H.C. Jenkyns, Z. Zhao, T.W. Dahl, B.A. Bergquist, K. Cheng, A.T. Nielsen, A.J. Dickson","doi":"10.1130/g51570.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51570.1","url":null,"abstract":"The early Paleozoic was marked by several carbon-cycle perturbations and associated carbon-isotope excursions (CIEs). Whether these CIEs are connected to significant (external) triggers, as is commonly considered to be the case for CIEs in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, or result from small carbon-cycle imbalances that became amplified through lack of efficient silicate weathering or other feedbacks remains unclear. We present concentration and isotope data for sedimentary mercury (Hg) and osmium (Os) to assess the impact of subaerial and submarine volcanism and weathering during the late Cambrian and early Ordovician. Data from the Alum Shale Formation (Sweden) cover the Steptoean positive carbon-isotope excursion (SPICE; ca. 497–494 Ma), a period marked by marine anoxia and biotic overturning, and several smaller CIEs extending into the early Ordovician. Our Hg and Os data offer no strong evidence that the CIEs present in our record were driven by (globally) elevated volcanism or continental weathering. Organic-carbon and Hg concentrations covary cyclically, providing further evidence of an unperturbed Hg cycle. Mesozoic and Cenozoic CIEs are commonly linked to enhanced volcanic activity and weathering, but similar late Cambrian–early Ordovician events cannot easily be connected to such external triggers. Our results are more consistent with reduced early Paleozoic carbon-cycle resilience that allowed small imbalances to develop into large CIEs.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"154 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134910267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clumped isotope evidence for microbial alteration of thermogenic methane in terrestrial mud volcanoes 陆相泥火山热成因甲烷微生物蚀变的块状同位素证据

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1130/g51667.1

Jiarui Liu, Tina Treude, Orhan R. Abbasov, Elnur E. Baloglanov, Adil A. Aliyev, Carolynn M. Harris, William D. Leavitt, Edward D. Young

{"title":"Clumped isotope evidence for microbial alteration of thermogenic methane in terrestrial mud volcanoes","authors":"Jiarui Liu, Tina Treude, Orhan R. Abbasov, Elnur E. Baloglanov, Adil A. Aliyev, Carolynn M. Harris, William D. Leavitt, Edward D. Young","doi":"10.1130/g51667.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51667.1","url":null,"abstract":"Methane in oil reservoirs originates mostly from thermogenic sources, yet secondary microbial methane production from petroleum biodegradation is known to be pervasive. The conventional approach for identifying this secondary microbial methane commonly relies on geochemical characteristics of other gas molecules such as the carbon isotopic composition of carbon dioxide and propane. This information is sometimes obscured by isotopic variations in source material and may not be available in certain geological reservoirs. To better constrain the presence of secondary microbial methane, we studied the clumped isotopologue compositions of methane in terrestrial Azerbaijanian mud volcanoes, which support the occurrence of secondary microbial gas. Here, a deficit in Δ12CH2D2 of thermogenic methane occurs due to different δD of hydrogen sources that contribute to the formation of methane molecules (i.e., combinatorial effect). The Δ12CH2D2 is expected to move toward equilibrium as thermal maturity increases. More importantly, both Δ13CH3D and Δ12CH2D2 values of methane approach low-temperature thermodynamic equilibrium in most gases, suggesting that the original thermogenic methane has been altered by newly formed microbial methane in addition to isotope exchange among methane molecules catalyzed by the methyl-coenzyme M reductase enzyme. We conclude that methane clumped isotopes provide a unique proxy for identifying secondary microbial methane and understanding the exact evolution stages for natural gases.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"59 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The formation of lithium-rich pegmatites through multi-stage melting 富锂伟晶岩多阶段熔融形成

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1130/g51633.1

Lot Koopmans, Tania Martins, Robert Linnen, Nicholas J. Gardiner, Catriona M. Breasley, Richard M. Palin, Lee A. Groat, David Silva, Laurence J. Robb

{"title":"The formation of lithium-rich pegmatites through multi-stage melting","authors":"Lot Koopmans, Tania Martins, Robert Linnen, Nicholas J. Gardiner, Catriona M. Breasley, Richard M. Palin, Lee A. Groat, David Silva, Laurence J. Robb","doi":"10.1130/g51633.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51633.1","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-cesium-tantalum−type pegmatites (the primary source of lithium) crystallize from highly evolved, volatile felsic melts that incorporated crustal material in their source. Pegmatites are classically thought to form either from extreme fractionation of a parental granite body or via low-degree partial melting of a metamorphic rock (anatectic origin). However, the processes that lead to the formation of economic lithium pegmatite deposits remain enigmatic, because precipitation of lithium ore minerals requires melt lithium concentrations in excess of 5000 ppm—∼500 times upper crustal abundances. We use petrological modeling to quantify lithium enrichment in an anatectic-origin scenario and show that it is primarily driven by the relative stability of residual biotite and muscovite at medium to high pressures (∼8 kbar), and biotite and cordierite at low pressures (∼3 kbar). We show anatexis of an average lithium-enriched metasedimentary source cannot sufficiently elevate the lithium content of the ensuing melt to form economic deposits; however, if this first-generation melt—now crystallized as granitic crust—is re-melted, the second-generation melt will be sufficiently concentrated in lithium to crystallize lithium ore minerals. We propose a petrogenetic model for anatectic-origin lithium pegmatites, in which a region experiences at least two stages of partial melting, ultimately generating lithium-rich melts without invoking extensive fractional crystallization. This mechanism can both account for the occurrence of unzoned lithium pegmatites and explain why economic pegmatites in many terranes are younger than their inferred source granites.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136032879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Origin of paired extension-compression during rotational rifting: An early Paleogene example from the northeast Atlantic region and its implications 旋转裂陷过程中成对伸展-压缩的成因:东北大西洋地区早古近纪的一个例子及其意义

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1130/g51730.1

Po Wan Wong, Ivar Midtkandal, Jan Inge Faleide

{"title":"Origin of paired extension-compression during rotational rifting: An early Paleogene example from the northeast Atlantic region and its implications","authors":"Po Wan Wong, Ivar Midtkandal, Jan Inge Faleide","doi":"10.1130/g51730.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51730.1","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of paired extension-compression (PEC) postulated by rotational kinematics of rift propagation is demonstrated by analogue models but rarely observed in nature. In our study of the early Paleogene continental rift in the northeast Atlantic, a PEC is proposed based on the northeastward propagation and the coeval compression at the rift tip. The propagation is deduced from tectono-magmatic trends, including along-axis development of magmatism, and migration of tectonic faulting inward and toward the rift tip. Where this propagation terminated, we documented coeval extension and compression in the form of a horst-and-graben system (H&G) and V-shaped anticline (VA), respectively. Given their structural characteristics and spatiotemporal relationships with the rift, their origin is best illustrated by a three-stage model: (1) Rifting initiated at the site of mantle upwelling and propagated northeastward in the Paleocene. (2) The rift tip was stalled by an elevated mafic-ultramafic body at the Barents Shelf, which led to forward projection of the rift’s driving force to create the H&G and the VA (PEC), dissipating the along-axis force component. (3) Domination of axis-perpendicular components then promoted orthogonal extension and sheared margin development. Our study suggests that PEC has a crucial role in both termination of propagation and rift-mode conversion.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"248 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135967921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A long-lived mafic magma reservoir: Zircon evidence from a hornblende peridotite in the Hida Belt, Japan 一个长寿的基性岩浆储层:来自日本飞驒带角闪橄榄岩的锆石证据

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1130/g51560.1

Keita Itano, Mami Takehara, Kenji Horie, Tsuyoshi Iizuka, Ikuya Nishio, Tomoaki Morishita

{"title":"A long-lived mafic magma reservoir: Zircon evidence from a hornblende peridotite in the Hida Belt, Japan","authors":"Keita Itano, Mami Takehara, Kenji Horie, Tsuyoshi Iizuka, Ikuya Nishio, Tomoaki Morishita","doi":"10.1130/g51560.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51560.1","url":null,"abstract":"Zircon geochronology has contributed to our understanding of the longevity of transcrustal magmatic systems; however, most studies focus on zircon records from felsic rocks due to the restricted occurrence of zircon in mafic-ultramafic rocks. We present U−Pb age, geochemical, and Hf−O isotope data for zircons from a hornblendite peridotite in the Hida Belt, Japan, that offers a unique opportunity to investigate the lifetime of a long-lived mafic plumbing system in an arc setting. We found two zircon U−Pb age clusters: an incompatible element-rich cluster at 196 Ma and an incompatible element-poor cluster at 186 Ma. Their homogeneous isotopic signatures (δ18O = 7.7‰ ± 0.8‰, εHf = 10.3‰ ± 1.7‰) indicate the same magma source despite the 10 m.y. age gap. These two clusters are explained by different zircon formation mechanisms that differ depending on whether or not zircon saturation requires differentiated melt with high SiO2. The enriched older zircons formed by local zircon saturation at the mafic melt-olivine interface, whereas the younger depleted zircons precipitated from the last drop of interstitial felsic melt co-existing with hornblendes. Our finding substantiates the longevity of mafic systems at lower crusts, which sustain transcrustal magma systems and crustal evolution.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136211434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ice-rafted dropstones at midlatitudes in the Cretaceous of continental Iberia 伊比利亚大陆白垩纪中纬度地区的浮冰坠石

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1130/g51725.1

Juan Pedro Rodríguez-López, Carlos L. Liesa, Aránzazu Luzón, Arsenio Muñoz, María J. Mayayo, Julian B. Murton, Ana R. Soria

引用次数: 0

Seafloor spreading and the delivery of sulfur and metals to Earth’s oceans 海底扩张以及硫和金属向地球海洋的输送

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1130/g51311.1

Drew D. Syverson, Adedapo N. Awolayo, Benjamin M. Tutolo

{"title":"Seafloor spreading and the delivery of sulfur and metals to Earth’s oceans","authors":"Drew D. Syverson, Adedapo N. Awolayo, Benjamin M. Tutolo","doi":"10.1130/g51311.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51311.1","url":null,"abstract":"Circulating fluids within Earth’s mid-ocean ridge system cool and alter the oceanic crust, contribute distinct chemistry to the ocean, and generate economically and geologically important metal-sulfide deposits at the seafloor. Yet, we have few constraints on the characteristics of these fluids at peak subseafloor pressure and temperature conditions or how the primary variable, seafloor spreading, affects these fluids’ delivery of metals and sulfur to seawater. Here, we develop a new, robust technique for estimating the peak endowment of heat and dissolved sulfur, iron, and copper in subseafloor hydrothermal fluids and determining their fate as these superheated fluids rise to the seafloor. Calculations using this technique indicate that &gt;20%−70% of sulfur, iron, and copper dissolved at peak subseafloor conditions are lost during upflow due to cooling and concomitant decreases in sulfide mineral solubility. The interpretation of these estimates within the geologic context of vent fields allows us to demonstrate a strong inverse relationship between seafloor spreading rate and peak pressure-temperature conditions, subseafloor heat loss, and the magnitude of subseafloor sulfide mineralization. Our results demonstrate the extent to which the secular variation of Earth’s mid-ocean ridge system over geologic time has impacted sulfide deposition rates and hydrothermal fluxes of sulfur and metals to the ocean.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134975639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relationships between fluvial dune cross-set thickness, planview width, and trough geometry 河流沙丘交叉集厚度、平面宽度和槽几何之间的关系

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1130/g51540.1

Benjamin T. Cardenas, Kaitlyn Stacey, Zachary J. Baran

{"title":"Relationships between fluvial dune cross-set thickness, planview width, and trough geometry","authors":"Benjamin T. Cardenas, Kaitlyn Stacey, Zachary J. Baran","doi":"10.1130/g51540.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51540.1","url":null,"abstract":"Sedimentary structures provide critical information for the reconstruction of ancient environments of Earth and other planets. Fluvial dune cross sets, structures that record dune migration via the filling of leading troughs along ancient riverbeds, are particularly useful. Most quantitative methods for interpreting cross sets require thickness measurements, but the growth of planview imaging of sedimentary rocks on Earth and Mars has introduced a need for methods to interpret planview exposures of cross sets. Here, we measured 359 cross-set widths exposed along ancient channel belts of the Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation exposed in Utah, USA, and compared these widths to published thicknesses (n = 350). We found that the mean cross-set width was 1.29 m, 9.3 times the mean thickness. The normalized distributions of widths and thicknesses were statistically similar and thus contained similar paleoenvironmental information. Numerical experiments representing a series of trough cut-and-fill structures show that cross-set reworking is equally important in setting width as thickness and that the observed cross-set widths could be explained by a gamma-distributed range of trough widths with a mean of 2.96 ± 0.25 m, ∼2.3 times cross-set width. Given the similarity of dune-field geometries across depositional settings and planetary boundary conditions, we suggest this cross-set width-to-thickness relationship could be useful for interpreting other cross sets exposed in planview.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135482784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The volatile record of volcanic apatite and its implications for the formation of porphyry copper deposits 火山磷灰石的挥发性记录及其对斑岩铜矿床形成的启示

1区地球科学

Geology Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1130/g51461.1

George Stonadge, Andrew Miles, Daniel Smith, Simon Large, Thomas Knott

{"title":"The volatile record of volcanic apatite and its implications for the formation of porphyry copper deposits","authors":"George Stonadge, Andrew Miles, Daniel Smith, Simon Large, Thomas Knott","doi":"10.1130/g51461.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g51461.1","url":null,"abstract":"Volatile saturation influences the physicochemical behavior of magmas and is essential for the sequestration of metals in porphyry copper deposits. Tracking the evolution of volatile components (F, Cl, H2O, S) in arc systems is complicated by their mobility and tendency to rapidly re-equilibrate with late-stage melts. We demonstrate that accurate measurements of volatile concentrations in apatite offer a reliable method for identifying the occurrence of volatile saturation. Fluorine, Cl, S, and calculated OH concentrations in apatite obtained by scanning electron microscope−energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis were used to compare two end-member volcanic systems in the West Luzon Arc (Philippines): Pinatubo (a fluid-saturated analogue for porphyry copper deposits) and Taal (a barren and fluid-undersaturated comparator). Apatites from Pinatubo are S-rich (0.04−0.64 wt%) and show a progressive decrease in XCl/XOH (0.6−0.25) and an increase in XF/XCl (1.5−8) and XF/XOH (0.75−1.2) during crystallization. Modeling indicates that these changes result from efficient partitioning of Cl into a continuously saturated H2O-rich fluid, while high regions of S in apatite reflect episodic flushing by a separate S-rich flux. Little S is evident in apatites from Taal (&lt;300 ppm), which show increasing XCl/XOH and XF/XOH together with constant XF/XCl during crystallization. This cannot be explained using an H2O-saturated model, and instead reflects fluid-undersaturated crystallization and cooling in a reduced and/or S-depleted system. Measured volatiles in apatite therefore effectively discriminate volatile-saturated and undersaturated magmatic systems, providing an important ‘fertility’ filter for porphyry exploration.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135481260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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