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[Low and very low cholesterol levels: what we need to know]. [低胆固醇和极低胆固醇水平：我们需要知道什么]。
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43039
Stefania Angela Di Fusco, Massimo Leggio, Vered Gil Ad, Simona Giubilato, Stefano Aquilani, Federico Nardi, Massimo Grimaldi, Domenico Gabrielli, Fabrizio Oliva, Giuseppe Imperoli, Furio Colivicchi
{"title":"[Low and very low cholesterol levels: what we need to know].","authors":"Stefania Angela Di Fusco, Massimo Leggio, Vered Gil Ad, Simona Giubilato, Stefano Aquilani, Federico Nardi, Massimo Grimaldi, Domenico Gabrielli, Fabrizio Oliva, Giuseppe Imperoli, Furio Colivicchi","doi":"10.1714/4318.43039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the growing evidence of clinical benefits conferred by the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, the availability of multiple effective lipid-lowering agents, and guideline recommendations, clinicians not infrequently have to manage patients with low or very low LDL-C levels. In clinical practice it is essential to consider that, when LDL-C plasma concentrations are low, the Friedewald formula commonly used for LDL-C level calculation is less accurate, hence risk assessment should be integrated by using different methods for LDL-C level quantification and other parameters, such as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and, where possible, apolipoprotein B, should be measured. As regards the clinical impact of low LDL-C levels, genetically determined hypocholesterolemia forms provide reassuring data on the effects of this condition in the long term, except for the forms with extremely low or undetectable LDL-C levels. Evidence from clinical studies that used highly effective lipid-lowering drugs, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, goes in the same direction. In these studies, the incidence of non-cardiovascular adverse events in patients who reached very low LDL-C levels was similar to that in the placebo arm. Overall, the fear of adverse effects should not deter intensive lipid-lowering treatment when indicated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.</p>","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[The pulmonary artery catheter in the intensive cardiac care unit]. [心脏重症监护室中的肺动脉导管]。
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43037
Luca Baldetti, Piero Gentile, Mauro Gori, Anna Mara Scandroglio, Nicola Gasparetto, Paolo Trambaiolo, Serafina Valente, Marco Marini
{"title":"[The pulmonary artery catheter in the intensive cardiac care unit].","authors":"Luca Baldetti, Piero Gentile, Mauro Gori, Anna Mara Scandroglio, Nicola Gasparetto, Paolo Trambaiolo, Serafina Valente, Marco Marini","doi":"10.1714/4318.43037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More than 50 years after its introduction in clinical practice, the increase in the intensity of care offered by the cardiac intensive care units, the shift in the population of patients treated and the wider availability of circulatory supports, still makes the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) an essential tool for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis in patients suffering from cardiogenic shock. In this review, we will discuss how to identify those patients who can benefit most from its use, the configuration and the correct insertion technique of a PAC. A pragmatic guide will also be provided for the interpretation of the hemodynamic indexes (direct and calculated) that the PAC is able to reveal as well as a summary of the most common errors in reading or interpreting the pressure curves provided by the PAC. In this article, we will then present a practical guide on how to use the PAC in a modern cardiac intensive care unit.</p>","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Secondary hypertension: diagnosis and treatment]. [继发性高血压：诊断与治疗]。
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43040
Paolo Verdecchia, Gianpaolo Reboldi, Giovanni Mazzotta, Martina Zappa, Fabio Angeli
{"title":"[Secondary hypertension: diagnosis and treatment].","authors":"Paolo Verdecchia, Gianpaolo Reboldi, Giovanni Mazzotta, Martina Zappa, Fabio Angeli","doi":"10.1714/4318.43040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypertension does not recognize obvious pathogenic causes in the majority of patients (essential hypertension). However, a secondary underlying cause of hypertension can be recognized in 5-10% of unselected hypertensive patients, and this prevalence may increase to more than 20% in patients with hypertension that is difficult to control or frankly resistant to treatment. In children, secondary hypertension is most often due to aortic coarctation, distal thoracic or abdominal aortic stenosis, or specific gene mutations. In adults or elderly individuals, secondary hypertension is most often due to atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, primary hyperaldosteronism, and Cushing's disease or syndrome. Parenchymal nephropathy and hyperparathyroidism can cause hypertension at all ages, while pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma tend to occur more often in adolescents or young adults. In general, secondary hypertension should be suspected in subjects with: (a) onset of hypertension under 30 years of age especially if in the absence of hypertensive family history or other risk factors for hypertension; (b) treatment-resistant hypertension; c) severe hypertension (>180/110 mmHg), malignancy, or hypertensive emergencies; d) rapid rise in blood pressure values in previously well controlled patients. Any clinical signs suspicious or suggestive of hypertension from endocrine causes, a \"reverse dipping\" or \"non-dipping'\" profile at 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring not justified by other factors, signs of obvious organ damage may be helpful clues for diagnosis. Finally, patients snoring or with clear sleep apnea should also be considered for possible secondary hypertension.</p>","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Ventricular tachycardia: the cause you do not think about]. [室性心动过速：你想不到的原因]。
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43046
Beatrice Dal Passo, Elisabetta Tonet
{"title":"[Ventricular tachycardia: the cause you do not think about].","authors":"Beatrice Dal Passo, Elisabetta Tonet","doi":"10.1714/4318.43046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[A pathognomonic case of isolated right ventricular infarction]. [一个孤立性右心室梗死的病例]。
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43045
Francesca Cortese, Michele Clemente, Serena Di Marino, Marco Fabio Costantino, Giampaolo Luzi
{"title":"[A pathognomonic case of isolated right ventricular infarction].","authors":"Francesca Cortese, Michele Clemente, Serena Di Marino, Marco Fabio Costantino, Giampaolo Luzi","doi":"10.1714/4318.43045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Sudden cardiac arrest in children and adolescents: diagnosis, clinical presentation and peculiarities]. [儿童和青少年心脏骤停：诊断、临床表现和特殊性]。
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43038
Elisabetta Mariucci, Gabriele Bronzetti, Andrea Donti
{"title":"[Sudden cardiac arrest in children and adolescents: diagnosis, clinical presentation and peculiarities].","authors":"Elisabetta Mariucci, Gabriele Bronzetti, Andrea Donti","doi":"10.1714/4318.43038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sudden cardiac arrest/death in pediatric patients is a rare but potentially preventable event. Cardiomyopathies and channelopathies are the most common causes which are detectable with ECG and transthoracic echocardiography in asymptomatic subjects. Coronary artery anomalies are a rare cause of sudden cardiac arrest/death, but these events suggest that ECG and echocardiography, focused on the site of origin of the coronary arteries, should be both part of the screening tool of young athletes. Finally, the rare cardiac arrest events in young patients with ventricular preexcitation without prior symptoms or markers of high risk suggest that transcatheter ablation should be considered in all pediatric patients with ventricular preexcitation because it can eliminate the small long-term risk of sudden cardiac arrest/death, but a careful consideration of the most appropriate timing is mandatory.</p>","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Giant tricuspid annular calcification and kyphoscoliosis: is there a link?] [巨型三尖瓣环钙化与脊柱侧凸：两者之间有联系吗？］
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43044
Gabriella Bufano, Pietro Mazzeo, Maria Delia Corbo, Vincenzo Fioretti, Costantino Smaldone, Eugenio Stabile
{"title":"[Giant tricuspid annular calcification and kyphoscoliosis: is there a link?]","authors":"Gabriella Bufano, Pietro Mazzeo, Maria Delia Corbo, Vincenzo Fioretti, Costantino Smaldone, Eugenio Stabile","doi":"10.1714/4318.43044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although mitral annular calcification is a common degenerative condition of the fibrous mitral annulus, tricuspid annular calcification, especially isolated, is rare. We report the case of a 73-year-old male, with a history of hypertension and severe kyphoscoliosis, referred to the emergency department for progressive dyspnea and leg swelling. Echocardiography revealed a dilated right heart with a homogeneous, hyperechoic, crescent shaped mass along the tricuspid annulus. Computed tomography confirmed the calcific nature of the lesion. Right heart catheterization revealed mild pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension and a mild spirometrically-defined restrictive ventilatory defect. Kyphoscoliosis has recently been associated with alterations in cardiac deformation and with an increased risk of restrictive lung disease. In our patient, we hypothesized that both these anomalies could have led to premature tricuspid annular degeneration resulting in a giant tricuspid calcification.</p>","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[An exotically and dangerous pattern]. [外来的危险模式]。
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43042
Angelo Melpignano, Michele Trichilo, Alessandro Capecchi
{"title":"[An exotically and dangerous pattern].","authors":"Angelo Melpignano, Michele Trichilo, Alessandro Capecchi","doi":"10.1714/4318.43042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Air pollution and cardiovascular disease]. [空气污染与心血管疾病]。
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43041
Stefania Angela Di Fusco, Maurizio Giuseppe Abrignani, Giulia Bugani, Rita Myriam Cristina Intravaia, Marco Flori, Furio Colivicchi
{"title":"[Air pollution and cardiovascular disease].","authors":"Stefania Angela Di Fusco, Maurizio Giuseppe Abrignani, Giulia Bugani, Rita Myriam Cristina Intravaia, Marco Flori, Furio Colivicchi","doi":"10.1714/4318.43041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although there is substantial evidence on the harmful effects of air pollution on human health, these are scarcely considered in the general clinical practice and also in the context of cardiovascular disease prevention. In light of the numerous epidemiological and basic research studies that have demonstrated the unfavorable impact of air pollution on the cardiovascular system, this review aims to bring this aspect to the attention of clinicians. This work describes the main air polluting components that can contribute to the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the impact of pollutants on the cardiovascular system and the available evidence regarding their effect on cardiovascular risk factors are reported. This article also examines the evidence relating to the correlation between environmental pollutants and some specific cardiovascular diseases, including acute coronary syndromes, cerebrovascular diseases, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Finally, the possible strategies to be implemented to limit pollution-induced cardiovascular damage are analyzed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
In questo numero. 本期内容
IF 0.7
Giornale italiano di cardiologia Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1714/4318.43035
{"title":"In questo numero.","authors":"","doi":"10.1714/4318.43035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1714/4318.43035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12510,"journal":{"name":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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