Art AttacksPub Date : 2018-12-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199488841.003.0003
Malvika Maheshwari
{"title":"Artists in Courts","authors":"Malvika Maheshwari","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199488841.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199488841.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 of this first section turns to independent India’s concerns with law as a broader problem and solution to this issue of violence, and questions whether legal-institutional logics might have produced not less but more offence-taking. The idea here is not simply to ‘critique’ vigilant, and even, as many would argue, necessary laws and regulatory bodies, or to suggest that they are the cause of the escalation of violence against artists. The widespread and dramatic increase in criminalized competitive and communal electoral politics, the onslaught of globalized media since the economic liberalization of the 1990s, the rise and radicalization of Hindu nationalism since the mid-1980s, the politically creative and deepening bargaining capacity of hitherto disadvantaged groups—all have played a part in the definitive increase in the anxieties around free speech and the attacks against artists. However, if the violence of offence-taking steadily came to not so much dislocate but relocate itself in the courts, the courts themselves remain a critical element among many others that contributed to the precariousness of free speech, with the law emerging as a medium of harassment.","PeriodicalId":124797,"journal":{"name":"Art Attacks","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123319550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Art AttacksPub Date : 2018-12-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199488841.003.0007
Malvika Maheshwari
{"title":"The Anatomy of an Attack and Inspirations of Attackers","authors":"Malvika Maheshwari","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199488841.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199488841.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 explores the dynamics of this form of collective action, which might be best characterized as the violence of offence-taking, along with exploring the role and motivations of individuals at the forefront of these attacks—to bring out the inconsistencies of what is otherwise passed off as an all-encompassing chronicle of communal and ethno-religious tensions or as party politics. The chapter presents narratives of three attackers with special emphasis on the micro-political make-up of this violence, underlined by a common thread—namely, the search for glory, recognition, and dignity through the interiorization and creative appropriation of a cult of the hero and role model. Reiterating the central argument of the book, the language of the Indian Constitution—assuring its citizens dignity, respect, and equality—emerges here as an enabling technique for attackers to indulge their violent rage, taking on a particularly perverse form in a state that already suffers from weak enforcement of the law.","PeriodicalId":124797,"journal":{"name":"Art Attacks","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122252779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Art AttacksPub Date : 2018-12-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0008
Malvika Maheshwari
{"title":"Artists and Their Repertoire of Responses","authors":"Malvika Maheshwari","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 turns to India’s increasingly angry and insecure but resilient art world, which suggests a range and variety of responses to such an orchestration of violence, contradicting the view of ‘artists as only victims’, as much as it is a reminder of the resilience of democracy in India. Addressing four dominant themes—artists as attackers, unity and collective action, exile and resistance, and fear and self-censorship—it is an exploration of these diverse manifestations. These categories are, of course, only illustrative and not an exhaustive commentary on the assorted ways in which free speech is both understood and modified, when it is increasingly confronted with threatening, violent behaviour.","PeriodicalId":124797,"journal":{"name":"Art Attacks","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129915505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Art AttacksPub Date : 2018-12-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0006
Malvika Maheshwari
{"title":"M.F. Husain and the Making of a Campaign","authors":"Malvika Maheshwari","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Building upon the evidence examined in the previous chapters, Chapter 5 analyses the single most widespread and virulent campaign of violence against an artist—that targeting M.F. Husain, mapping precisely the transformation of disconnected, and varied attacks on artists into waging campaigns against them. True, the attacks on Husain since the mid-1990s, and responses in his name, enlarged the word-stock surrounding him, but buried within it the static and isolated view of violence hardly explains the logic and the process of Hindu nationalists’ sustained and obsessive, often even pointless, preoccupation with him. The progress and shifts in their campaigns underline varied and evolving attitudes towards his alleged offences, not always related to the images in question. Given Husain’s extraordinary stature within the art world, and within the world of violent offence-taking, an understanding of the build-up of the campaign waged in his name is essential for any analysis of the phenomenon of violence of offence-taking and its discipline-enforcing attitude towards artists.","PeriodicalId":124797,"journal":{"name":"Art Attacks","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128983710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Art AttacksPub Date : 2018-12-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0005
Malvika Maheshwari
{"title":"The Rise of Hindu Nationalism and the Competitive Politics of Offence-Taking","authors":"Malvika Maheshwari","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter explores the profound strengthening of communal conflicts and ethno-religious politics, particularly in the shape of Hindu nationalism. It is divided into two parts: The first, part explores the evolution of attacks on artists, beginning with the early ones by Hindu nationalists. However, instead of showing this as an unruptured sequence of instances leading to their imminent rise, it underlines their early setbacks and strategic manoeuvres. These initial attempts led to the refinement of the Hindu nationalist techniques for attacking artists, and highlight the relevance of the media’s expansion in the enterprise. Also, the rise in the attacks on artists was not just a sign of the Sangh Parivar’s prowess, but at least partially due to the encouragement provided by the Congress-led government, not just to the Hindu nationalists to continue imposing their rules, but also to similarly self-assigned spokesmen of the Muslim community in India. The second, shorter part of the chapter covers the second half of the 1990s, after the BJP formed its government at the Centre for the first time, and in coalition with the Shiv Sena in Maharashtra. Here we observe the normalization of the influence wielded by non-state actors, and the consolidation of these attacks from lone random instances into sustained campaigns, but also the limits of such an exercise.","PeriodicalId":124797,"journal":{"name":"Art Attacks","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117111321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Art AttacksPub Date : 2018-12-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0004
Malvika Maheshwari
{"title":"From a Murder to Deaths in the Morcha","authors":"Malvika Maheshwari","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the responses to two questions. The first asks how criminalized politics and its associated violence came to administer the limits of artistic expression in the country, and in doing so, hampered or reformed the systemic order of constitutional politics. The second explores what implications this had for the sustenance of democratic processes (given that regulation of freedom of speech and expression is an aspect that is apparently fundamental to the regulatory role of a democratic state). The idea is not to conclude whether criminalized politics and its ensuing violence are themselves democratic or not. Instead, what we can understand from these questions is the extent to which criminalization and violence gradually acquired salience in the narrative and functioning of India’s liberal democracy, no longer inviting punishment or being regarded as anomalies or as impediments to governance. Based on two case studies, the chapter examines two different aspects of the politico-criminal nexus: one of patronage, which pertains to the opportunism of violent actions undertaken by cadres of criminals and local strongmen as pawns in the game of power politics; and the other of partnership that relates to the subversive ritualism of para-statal organizations like the mafia, on whom the state relies, but with whom it also competes for domination.","PeriodicalId":124797,"journal":{"name":"Art Attacks","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131258823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Art AttacksPub Date : 2018-12-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0002
Malvika Maheshwari
{"title":"The Constitution of Free Speech","authors":"Malvika Maheshwari","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199488841.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The preliminary chapter outlines the conceptual foundation of India’s free speech regime by focussing on the debates of the Constituent Assembly of India that took place between 1946 and 1949, and traces the development of Article 19 of the Constitution, which guarantees all citizens the right to free speech and expression, albeit with certain ‘reasonable restrictions’ such as public order, decency and morality, and security of the state, among others. While offering a synoptic account of the sundry forms that the right to free speech took as the framers navigated the discrepancies between their imagined ideal and the existent, conflicting reality, the idea is not to uncover some grand master-plan of the Indian democracy from which it has faltered, but to explore how it might lend a fissure to the violent accusations of offending religious, cultural, or national sentiments in contemporary India.","PeriodicalId":124797,"journal":{"name":"Art Attacks","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124365181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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