The Rise of Hindu Nationalism and the Competitive Politics of Offence-Taking

Malvika Maheshwari
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Abstract

The chapter explores the profound strengthening of communal conflicts and ethno-religious politics, particularly in the shape of Hindu nationalism. It is divided into two parts: The first, part explores the evolution of attacks on artists, beginning with the early ones by Hindu nationalists. However, instead of showing this as an unruptured sequence of instances leading to their imminent rise, it underlines their early setbacks and strategic manoeuvres. These initial attempts led to the refinement of the Hindu nationalist techniques for attacking artists, and highlight the relevance of the media’s expansion in the enterprise. Also, the rise in the attacks on artists was not just a sign of the Sangh Parivar’s prowess, but at least partially due to the encouragement provided by the Congress-led government, not just to the Hindu nationalists to continue imposing their rules, but also to similarly self-assigned spokesmen of the Muslim community in India. The second, shorter part of the chapter covers the second half of the 1990s, after the BJP formed its government at the Centre for the first time, and in coalition with the Shiv Sena in Maharashtra. Here we observe the normalization of the influence wielded by non-state actors, and the consolidation of these attacks from lone random instances into sustained campaigns, but also the limits of such an exercise.
印度民族主义的兴起与冒犯政治的竞争
这一章探讨了社区冲突和民族宗教政治的深刻强化,特别是在印度教民族主义的形式下。它分为两个部分:第一部分探讨了对艺术家攻击的演变,从印度教民族主义者早期的攻击开始。然而,它并没有将其表现为一系列连续的事件导致它们即将崛起,而是强调了它们早期的挫折和战略演习。这些最初的尝试导致了印度民族主义者攻击艺术家的技巧的改进,并突出了媒体扩张在企业中的相关性。此外,对艺术家的攻击的增加不仅仅是Sangh Parivar强大的标志,至少部分是由于国大党领导的政府提供的鼓励,不仅是对印度教民族主义者继续实施他们的规则,而且对印度穆斯林社区的类似自我任命的发言人。本章的第二部分较短,涵盖了20世纪90年代后半期,当时人民党首次在中央组建政府,并与马哈拉施特拉邦的湿婆神党(Shiv Sena)联合执政。在这里,我们观察到非国家行为者所施加的影响正常化,以及这些攻击从孤立的随机事件整合为持续的运动,但也看到了这种行动的局限性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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