Physical Science International Journal最新文献

{"title":"Density Functional Theory Study of the Structural, Electronic, Non-Linear Optical and Thermodynamic Properties of Poly (3-Hexylthiophene-2, 5 - Diyl) in Gas Phase and in Some Solvents","authors":"A. B. Suleiman, A. Maigari, A. S. Gidado, Chifu E. Ndikilar","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i430319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i430319","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and its derivatives are polymer based materials with π conjugation framework. P3HT is useful photoelectric material and can be used in organic semiconductor devices such as PLED, OLED, Nonlinear optical devices and solar cells. In this work, a theoretical study of P3HT in the gas phase and in some solvents (methanol, thiophene, chloroform, toluene, and acetone) were investigated and reported based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) as implemented in Gaussian 09 package using B3LYP/6-31++G (d, p) basis set. Structural properties such as bond lengths and bond angles as well as the HUMO, LUMO, energy gap, global chemical index, thermodynamic properties, NLO and DOS of the P3HT molecule in order to determine the reactivity and stability of the molecule were obtained. The results obtained showed that the solvents have effects on the structural, electronic and non-linear-optical properties of the molecule. The optimized bond length revealed that the molecule has a stronger bond in methanol with smallest bond length of about 1.0840Å (C28-H35) than in gas phase and the rest of the solvents. It was observed that the molecule is more stable in methanol with HOMO-LUMO energy gap and chemical hardness of 3.8338eV and 1.9169eV respectively. This indicates that the energy gap and chemical hardness of P3HT molecule increase with the increase in polarity and dielectric constants of the solvents. The energy gap obtained is compared with the one in literature ((3.10 mathrm{eV})). This indicates that the reported energy-gap leads by about (0.7 mathrm{eV}). The calculations of thermodynamic properties indicate that P3HT molecule has the highest value of specific heat capacity ((mathrm{CV})), that is (152.307 mathrm{Cv}(mathrm{Kcal} / mathrm{Mol})) in methanol, toluene has the highest value of entropy as (266.960) (Kcal/Mol), and thiophene has the highest value of zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE) as (455.37486 mathrm{Kcal} / mathrm{Mol}). The NLO properties show that methanol has the highest value of total dipole moment ( (mu_{text {tat }}) ) as (1.01764) a u while acetone has the highest value of first order hyperpolarizability ( ( tot) as (4.4447 times 10^{-30}) esu than the rest of the solvents. The values obtained for the first order hyperpolarizability for P3HT in acetone is about 12 times than that of the urea molecule, (left(0.3728 times 10^{-30} mathrm{esu}right)) which is commonly used for the comparison of NLO properties The results of the (I R) spectra show that the studied molecule was stable in both the gas phase and in solvents since no imaginary frequency was observed. It was also observed that the most intense frequency was found to be (3024.9421 mathrm{~cm}^{-1}) at an intensity of (140.2464 mathrm{~km} / mathrm{mol}) in methanol and (3088.6908) (mathrm{cm}^{-1} at intensity of 77.6119 mathrm{~km} / mathrm{mol}) in gas phase. The theoretical values of the open circuit voltage were found to be (1.635 mathrm{e","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133715725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical and Numerical Studies of Transient Heat Transfer in Soil for Geothermal Systems","authors":"Yendouban Kolani, K. D. D. Aoukou, K. N’wuitcha, M. Banna","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i430318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i430318","url":null,"abstract":"The study of geothermal systems requires a good knowledge of heat transfers in the depth of the soil. The aim of this work is to study the distribution of temperature in the ground under the climatic conditions of Togo. The analytical and numerical solutions of unidirectional heat transfer equation assuming the soil as a semi-infinite medium are found. The analytical solution is validated by comparing the results of the present work to those found in literature. A good qualitative agreement between these results was noted. The results show that the attenuation depth decreases when the attenuation accuracy of the thermal wave increases. The analysis of the effect of moisture content indicates that the increasing in soil conductivity with moisture result in the decreasing of the attenuation depth. Soil temperature increases when increasing soil thermal diffusivity. It is found also that, soil temperatures decrease with depth and stabilize around an average value of 30°C for depths greater than about 5.8 m for all type of soil studied in the month of March which is the hottest month of the year in Togo. A gradual decrease in temperature can be seen from March to August (hot period) followed by stabilization at around 28°C with a depth of 5.8 m. The phenomenon is reversed for the months of September to February (cold period). The soil warms up slowly during the day and cools down slowly at night because of the thermal inertia of the soil. A decrease in amplitude of the thermal wave near ground surface, is observed when the Leaf Area Index (LAI) increases. However, ils influence on the stabilization depth is not very significant. Stabilization of soil temperatures in March month is observed at a depth of about 40 cm for all LAI with a value of 37°C.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131467661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Entangled Informational Universe","authors":"O. Denis","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i430317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i430317","url":null,"abstract":"From the perspective of quantum gravity research, since the archetypal quantum gravitational object, the black hole, was accidentally found function as a thermodynamic system, it is certainly natural to suggest that the secret of quantum gravity may lie in thermodynamic analysis. Until now, it was not possible to express the gravitational fine-grained entropy of a black hole using the rules of gravity. However, the black holes entropic information formula fills this gap by allowing a semi-classical gravitational approach to express the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black hole. The black holes entropic information formula calculates the entropy of Hawking radiation as the entangled information of the initial considered black hole, this down to the quantum level of the system, the degrees of freedom describing the black hole, and this independently of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy area law, providing a sufficient microscopic description of how this entropy arises, showing that the process of black holes evaporation is consistent with the unitarity principle. Also, this approach avoids ultraviolet divergences. These perspectives must be understood like the fine-grained entropy formulas discovered by Ryu and Takayanagi. In fact, the black hole entropy turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture. The Ryu-Takayanagi formula being a general formula for the fine-grained entropy of gravity-coupled quantum systems. That put the accent on the emergence quantum gravity process through the fundamentality of the entangled quantum information.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124585993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Near-Earth Surface Temperature on Soil Temperature at 5 cm Depth","authors":"O. Adebayo, Y. B. Lawal, O. R. Obasi-Oma, John Sunday Ojo","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330316","url":null,"abstract":"The research investigates the effects of ground surface temperature (air temperature) on soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm. The study covers a period of fourteen (14) months from May 2010 to June 2011 in Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. With the aid of an automatic weather station, temperature readings were taken at a depth of 5 cm below the soil surface at five (5) minute intervals daily. It was also observed that many analyses of soil temperature are based on the theories of heat flow and energy balance. The study reveals that surface temperature has a weak effect on soil temperature. The best correlation coefficient obtained for the study period is about 0.56 with a quadratic equation of order 2 at 5% significance level. This implies that air temperature cannot be solely used to predict soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm. A study of diurnal variation reveals that air temperature is usually higher than soil temperature during the day, and vice versa. The study also revealed that surface and soil temperatures are generally lower during the wet months when compared with the dry months. The wet season average daily temperatures are 23.42oC and 27.69oC for air and soil while the corresponding dry season values are 33.92oC and 30.91oC respectively. The results are recommended for agricultural purposes such as determination of soil and environmental conditions for crop production.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125054407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raman Effect Studies of Electrochemical Synthesized Quartz Crystal of Poly-O-Phenylenediamine for Piezoelectric Application","authors":"Ndukwe O. Francis, A. Nwokoye, E. Amalu, O. O. Anyanor","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330315","url":null,"abstract":"Microelectronics arose from the desire for miniaturization of electrical devices, while Nano-electronics arose from subsequent study. Researchers have developed and modeled energy harvesting technologies based on the conservation law of energy over the last two decades to produce an alternative power source for small size electronics (nano-electronics) and low power electronic devices that can replace traditional power sources like batteries. The ambient energy, which is typically in the form of solar, thermal, vibrational, and other types, can be converted into a variety of different forms. Electrical energy can be harvested from vibrational energy in materials and other man-made materials using piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic, and nano-electric generators. Poly-o-phenylenediamine (PoPD) Quartz (silicon dioxide) Crystals were electrochemically produced at varied percentage ratios of silicon dioxide and Poly-O-Phenylenediamine samples in this study (sample A represents 20:80 percent, sample B with 50:50 percent, and sample C has 60:40 percent respectively). The Raman Effect and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis were used to characterize the material and forecast its Piezoelectric effect. All of the samples have their maximum peak record at Raman shift of 2872cm-1, however the Raman intensity varies. Sample A produced a peak intensity of 1250, Sample B produced a peak intensity of 1700, and Sample C produced a peak intensity of 2700. As the doping concentration of silicon dioxide increases, the Raman peak intensity for Poly-o-Phenylenediamine doped with silicon dioxide increases. The SEM images show that Sample A forms a fine cluster with little or no distinctive morphology, Sample B is ball-shaped with grain-like structure, and Sample C shows a flat, thin leaf-like shape. From sample A to C, the intra-particle separation rises, which corresponds to an increase in SiO2 concentration.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124092365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass under the Membrane Theory of Gravitation","authors":"S. Weber, A. Eye","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330314","url":null,"abstract":"The Cosmic Membrane theory of gravitation (CM) implies Newton’s absolute space. We identify the homogeneous vector field used by us since 1994 with the Higgs-field as source of the heavy mass. Following Randall and Sundrum, the introduction of the wafting layer outside the membrane solves the issue of the mobility of particles in a super-strong membrane. Starting with Feynman’s radius of excess, we obtain a depth of space of WRS = 1.432×106 [m] of the gravitational funnel at the edge of sun. Using Chandrasekhar’s gravitational energy, we obtain the tension F0 of the membrane as F0=1.820×1019 [N/m2], and the vertical vector field acceleration AVFV, acting perpendicularly from the fourth spatial dimension on the membrane, with AVFV=1.148×105 [m/s2]. The horizontal vector field acceleration AVFH, i.e., inside the wafting layer, is AVFH=1.330×105 [m/s2], and acts as acceleration a=AVFH w’ with w’ the being slope of the membrane. The mass of the moved membrane in a moving gravitational funnel behaves as an inert mass, but yields a numerical value that is too small to explain the equivalence of heavy and inert mass. Assuming speed of light c for transversal gravitational waves, we obtain a first estimation of the mass distribution ρsurf of the membrane. The clay lump model of the relativistic increase of mass follows the assumption that the energy of the accelerating photons will act again half as mass and half as kinetic energy at the accelerated particle. Our result equals exactly Einstein’s SR result.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131074591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Dust Charging and Asymmetric Ion Flow on the Dust Lattice Mode in Complex Plasma","authors":"S. Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330313","url":null,"abstract":"mechanism among dust grains immersed in plasma has been reported theoretically in presence of asymmetric ion flow and dynamical charging of dust grains. The ion flow induced particle-wake interaction in addition to repulsive Yukawa type of interaction found to play a significant role in tuning the coupling strength between charged grains and hence the vibrational mode. The transition in coupling strength is obtained as a characteristic of ion flow speed and grain size. The results show a damping in strength of interaction in presence of dynamical charging of dust. The type of interaction shows a mixed phase of Wake-Yukawa in subsonic regime and highly Yukawa dominating phase in supersonic regime of ion flow. The results are significant for understanding the thermodynamic properties and the phase behavior of colloidal systems and nano-crystals. ","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"362 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133904456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual and Semiannual Variation in the Ionospheric F2-Layer Electron Density over the Indian Zone and Effect of Solar Activity on It","authors":"M. Chamua, P. Bhuyan, S. Bora","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i330312","url":null,"abstract":"In situ measurement carried out by the Retarding potential Analyzer (RPA) on board SROSS C2 and ROCSAT during 1995 to 2003 covering ascending and descending periods of solar cycle 23 over Indian equatorial and low latitude were used to study the annual and semiannual variation of electron density at the topside F region. The ‘Semiannual anomaly’ which represent the electron density in equinox (March, April, September and October) is greater than that at solstice (May, June, July, August, November, December, January and February). The ‘annual anomaly’ which represents the electron density in winter (November, December, January, February) is higher than that in summer (May, June, July, August).  The analysis has been carried out for the geomagnetic equator and ±10o magnetic latitudes. Observations reveal the existence of an equatorial asymmetry during daytime (10:00 – 14:00 hrs.) with higher electron density in spring (March, April) than in autumn (September, October) for both ascending and descending leg of the solar cycle. At the peak of the solar cycle, the density becomes equal for both equinoxes. Nighttime (22:00 – 00:00 hrs.) density in autumn is higher than that in spring for the ascending half of the solar cycle, becomes equal for both the equinoxes around the peak of the solar cycle. In the descending half the vernal density becomes higher than the autumnal density. The periodograms obtained from a Fourier analysis of the daytime average density shows that the annual variation is dominant over the semiannual variations for low to moderate solar activity whereas the semiannual peak becomes dominant over annual peak for high solar activity irrespective of the latitudes. At night, however, latitudinal differences have been observed. The annual variation is stronger than the semiannual variation at 10o N for low to moderate solar activity while for high solar activity the situation reverses. At 10o S and the magnetic equator, the annual variation is dominant for all levels of solar activity. Amplitude of the annual variation is higher in winter compared to that in summer. The physical and dynamical processes responsible for the observed annual and semi-annual trends in topside density will be identified and discussed.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130640005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geoelectrical and Geotechnical Investigations for Development of Superstructures at Nkpologwu Proposed Judiciary Site, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria","authors":"G. Egwuonwu, I. A. Okwonna, P. K. Okpala","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230311","url":null,"abstract":"Geophysical and Geotechnical surveys were integrally carried out at a proposed Judiciary site for civil development of superstructures in Nkpologwu, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. Nkpologwu falls within 7 ̊06̍ '40” E to 7 ̊08 ' 42” E longitudes and 5 ̊56' 76” N to 5 ̊57' 78” N latitudes at about 320 m above the mean sea level. The study is aimed at interpreting the lithology of the subsurface at shallow depths in order to accentuate the competence of soil formations at the foundation depths of the site. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data were acquired in the geophysical survey while various geotechnical tests were carried out to ascertain the bearing capacity of the site’s subsoil. The registered data from the VES survey were processed with WINGLET software hence, geoelectric models of at least four layers were obtained. Characterized by apparent resistivity values in the range of about 1524 to 96,561 Ωm. Geotechnical results showed values of 10.4% to 12.4% OMC, 1.95 to 2.01g/cm3 MDD, 30.0 to 39.0% CBR, 21.0 to 30.5% particle size distribution, <12% PI and <35%  LL Atterberg limit for soil samples within foundation depths at the site. Combined interpretation of the surveys showed that at foundation depths at the site were predominantly sand, laterite and sandstones delineated and these were found to meet the required standard of the Federal Ministry of works and housing for construction of superstructures. Therefore, the study provides the knowledge of the lithology and soil competence at foundation depths for future civil construction works at the site.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114992500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relativistic Effect of Non Rigid in Motion: Volume Contraction in All Directions; Space around it Warped","authors":"Runsheng Tu","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230310","url":null,"abstract":"Ignoring the internal structure of moving objects and treating them as rigid bodies is not only out of practice but also inconsistent with the spirit of scientific exploration. To change this status quo, consider the relativistic effects of real object motion. Consider the mass-velocity relationship as an initial mechanism to discuss the effect of velocity on the space around an object and on the volume of the object. The relativistic mass-velocity relationship and the relationship between atomic radius and mass together constitute one of the physical mechanisms for the volume contraction of objects due to motion. A series of new conclusions are obtained, such as: the space distortion of a moving system with mass due to inertial motion at ultra-high speed, and even the generation of neutron like stars or black holes; the 3D contraction of objects due to motion; Because the empty space can neither bear nor exert force, in terms of mechanical performance, space and object are always independent of each other, and space cannot move (at most, its motion can only be set subjectively); Even maintaining inertial motion does not guarantee that space is flat, and special relativity can only be approximated at best. It shakes the position of the theoretical criterion of \"covariance under Lorentz transformation\". It lays a solid foundation for transforming the view of relative space-time into the view of relative absolute space-time and giving birth to the theory of relative absolute.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125238707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}