PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Mortality rate and prognostic factors for poor outcome in HIV-infected Bulgarian patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia over a 3-year period","authors":"N. Yancheva, D. Strashimirov, M. Nikolova, I. Alexiev, A. Ivanova, N. Tsvetkova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i3.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i3.47","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In spite of the use of combination antiretroviral therapy and specific prophylaxis, Pneumocystis pneumonia remains one of the most common AIDS-defining disease with high mortality rate.\u0000The aim of this study is to analyze the cases of pneumocystis pneumonia over a three-year period by means of assessing the mortality rate and the prognostic factors for the outcome of the disease.  \u0000Material and methods: Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and demographic data were analyzed for 13 HIV-infected patients with proved pneumocystis pneumonia, hospitalized at the AIDS Department over the period January 2017–December 2019. For data processing we used different methods of descriptive statistics.\u0000Results: All presented patients have extremely severe immune deficiency and other opportunistic infections or AIDS-related diseases. The diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia was confirmed with PCR in 76.9% of the patients and with Giemsa staining for cysts and trophozoites in 23,1% of the patients. Most of our patients are male (84,6%) and the leading mechanism of HIV infection is unprotected homosexual contact. The mean age of the patients presented is 37.4 ± 10.27. Our results showed high PJP mortality (46.3 %), despite the applied etiological therapy.\u0000Conclusions: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) continues to be a life-threatening infection in HIV-infected patients with severe immune suppression. PJP mortality continues to be high, and there is a statistically significant dependence on age, male sex, low CD 4 T+ cell count, high viral load of HIV, low blood albumin, and the number and severity of comorbidities.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129601777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DYNAMICS OF THE ETIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SALMONELLOSIS IN BULGARIA AND SENSITIVITY TO ANTI‐BACTERIAL AGENTS FOR THE PERIOD 2016 – 2019","authors":"M. Pavlova, G. Kamenov, E. Alexandrova, V. Velev, T. Kantardjiev","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i3.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i3.42","url":null,"abstract":"Background. In recent years, some features of salmonellosis have been noted: an increase in morbidity all around the world, which is accompanied by an increase in the number of isolated serotypes from humans, animals and food; an increase in sporadic diseases and multi-countries Salmonella outbreaks.\u0000Material and methods. For the period 2016 - 2019 in the National Reference Laboratory for Enteric Infections, Pathogenic Cocci and Diphtheria 2 696 Salmonella isolates from all over the country have been confirmed. All of the strains were epidemiologically and microbiologically examined, and  tested for antimicrobial resistance.\u0000Results. Salmonellosis is caused by several dominant for Bulgaria serotypes - is for S.Enteritidis and S.Typhimurium take the leading place, followed by Salmonella 1,2,5,12: i: -, Infantis, Paratyphi B Java, Kottbus, Corvallis, Derby, Dublin.\u0000Conclusions. Given the widespread transfer of Salmonella through the exchange of food and animals, and international tourism, the microbial landscape of salmonellosis is becoming more diverse, though the leadership of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium has been maintained in the recent years, both worldwide and Bulgaria.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129047185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APPLICATION OF PCR METHOD FOR DETECTION AND SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF TOXOCARA SPP.","authors":"E. Kaneva, N. Tsvetkova, I. Raynova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i3.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i3.46","url":null,"abstract":"The ascaridoid nematodes of dogs and cats T. canis and T. cati are with widespread distribu-tion and causative agents of a disease in human and animals named Toxocariasis. Human dis-ease has several clinical forms with different clinical manifestation such as visceral, ocular, neurotoxocariasis and covert toxocariasis. The morphological methods used to differentiate the two species, especially to identify eggs or larvae, can lead to inaccurate diagnosis. This requires the use of more reliable methods, such as PCR, for identification of Toxocara species.\u0000The aim of our research is to develop in our conditions a PCR method for species identification of Toxocara and to determine its applicability on different stages of parasites.\u0000The method used by Khademvatan et al. (2013), we performed with some modifications in different forms of Toxocara - eggs, larvae and adult parasites. We used species-specific oligonucleotide primers from the ITS2 gene sequence of the ribosomal DNA - Tcan1/NC2 for T. canis and Tcat1/NC2 for T. cati.\u0000The presence of a band with a size of 380 bp, specific for T. canis, was found for all stages of the studied parasite.\u0000The described method will allow species differentiation of Toxocariasis causative agents and improve the diagnosis of the disease, as well as determine the actual spread and reservoirs of these parasites.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124344296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMMUNE RESPONSE TO COVID-19 COMPARED TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SARS, MERS AND INFLUENZA","authors":"Velo Markovski","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i2.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i2.26","url":null,"abstract":"The course, form and outcome of an acute respiratory illness, as well as its patho-histological features largely depend on the level of inflammatory cytokines. The most important proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α and GM-CSF. There are many similarities in the human immune response to influenza, SARS and MERS-CoV. Available studies of COVID-19 show a completely different immune response, i.e. immunological indifference or suppression.\u0000Influenza is a disease we have known for a long time. WHO has been successfully following the antigenic drift of influenza virus ever since 1952 (WHO’s Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). This is necessary to monitor epidemiological characteristics of influenza as well as for the components of the seasonal vaccine which contains the antigenic characteristics of the subtypes and variants of influenza A virus that circulated in the previous season in the southern hemisphere. Throughout this period, many viruses and bacteria caused respiratory infections, sometimes in increasing epidemic numbers, but it was only the flu that caused serious problems. The epidemics were accompanied by high morbidity and significant mortality. Beta-corona viruses caused a serious warning in 2002 when SARS Cov-1 and MERS in 2012 appeared, followed by high mortality. Alpha corona viruses have been present all this time, but have caused mild upper respiratory infections and rhinitis, without serious consequences. Depending on the season and the region, corona viruses have been present in 10 to 35% of respiratory infections with the immune response to any infectious agent, may be mild, moderate and consequently heal, or severe when due to the high level of cytokines many barriers and membranes can be damaged and cause death. In influenza, the immune response is adequate. Only in a small percentage of cases, an overactive immune response is observed that causes damage and even death. SARS and MERS-CoV have been also shown to elicit a strong immune response.\u0000COVID-19 has been present for only a few months, and despite the efforts of many scientists, the epidemiological characteristics and pathogenesis of the disease are still not completely clear. Although COVID-19 belongs to beta corona viruses along with SARS and MERS-CoV, there are differences in the immune response. Whether COVID-19 weakens the immune system, or the immune system does not recognize it as a serious threat, there is a weak immune response during this infection. Such a significant discrepancy in the immune response can help understand the pathogenesis of COVID 19 and the causes of primary viral pneumonia and ARDS followed by high mortality.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134209321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANALYSIS OF CIRCULATING STRAINS, CAUSING INVASIVE LISTERIOSIS IN BULGARIA FOR TEN YEARS, 2010-2019","authors":"Evgeniya Taseva, I. Christova, E. Panayotova, I. Trifonova, T. Gladnishka, V. Ivanova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i2.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i2.40","url":null,"abstract":"Listeriosis is a zoonosis with multiple mechanisms of infection and multiple organ symptoms, severe course and high lethality. An increasing incidence of listeriosis has been reported in several European countries in recent years. A limited range of Listeria strains is responsible for most blasts occurring in different countries. The aim of the study is to monitor the spread of the Listeria strains causing invasive listeriosis in Bulgaria for the period 2010-2019 and to analyze the etiological structure of the infection in different hospitals in the country. A total of 56 strains Listeria from 17 hospitals were investigated for confirmation of species and serogroup. The materials were isolated from haemocultures, fetuses water, cerebrospinal fluids and anal and throat secretions and two tests were used. Confirmed strains isolated from the clinical samples for the study period belonged to 4 serogroups of Listeria. Listeria monocytogenes serogroup I was detected in 28 (50%) of the samples, Listeria monocytogenes serogroup II – in 43%, Listeria innocua –in 5% and Listeria welshimeri – in 2% of the samples. The strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid predominated (52%) and those isolated from haemocultures were 36%. Nineteen of the isolated strains from cerebrospinal fluid belonged to serotype 4b (19/29). Listeria monocytogenes serogroup I was detected in 70% from haemoculture. Listeria innocua and Listeria welshimeri were detected from cerebrospinal fluid. Serotype 1/2a was found in six hospitals and serotype 4b - in five hospitals. The majority of isolated strains was from newborns  -12/56 (21.43%). Serotype 1/2a was detected in 12 hospitals and serotype 4b in 11 hospitals. The largest variety of strains was found in Plovdiv, UMBAL “Sv. Georgi”. The data confirmed a steady trend in the spread of certain listeria serotypes in each hospital over the years. The focus in the future should be on screening at-risk groups, mainly women of childbearing and it is recommended to look for the risk of listeriosis.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114794193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin reactions to allergens from processionary caterpillars (genus Thaumetopoea)","authors":"G. Nikolov, Yana Kandova, B. Petrunov, P. Mirchev, G. Georgiev","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i2.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i2.34","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Moths of the genus Thaumetopoea are widespread pests in the coniferous and deciduous forests in Bulgaria. Contact with the caterpillars, larval form of different Thaumetopoea species, causes a series of complaints in humans: mainly contact dermatitis (erucism), but also IgE-mediated allergic reactions. \u0000The aim of the present pilot study is to investigate the skin reaction after prick tests with allergens from different Thaumetopoea species in a group of people who have frequent contacts with the processionary caterpillars. \u0000Material and methods: A group of 42 subjects were surveyed - 37 men and 5 women between the ages of 18 and 87. Specific sensitization to caterpillars of three Thaumetopoea species: Thaumetopoea pityocampa (pine processionary); Thaumetopoea processionea (oak processionary) and Thaumetopoea solitaria (pistachio processionary) was assessed by allergy skin prick tests (SPT) with specially designed caterpillar allergens. \u0000Results: Positive allergy skin tests to one or more caterpillar’s allergens were measured in 18 (43%) participants. A simultaneous test with the three allergens from the different Thaumetopoea species showed that in 5 (31%) of the cases, skin hypersensitivity only to allergen from T. pityocampa was present. Monosensitization to T. processionea observed in 2 (12%). The rest 9 (57%) participants with positive skin test show different profiles of polysensitization to Thaumetopoea allergens under study. \u0000Conclusions: The evaluation of skin reactivity after SPT with different caterpillar’s allergens outlined the important role of processionary allergens, especially this from T. pityocampa, in the development of IgE-mediated allergic complaints in different groups of forestry professionals. In view of these results, it seems that IgE-mediated hypersensitivity allergic reactions to Thaumetopoea caterpillars are at least as important as those with no allergic mechanism.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125326867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LABORATORY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF MEASLES VIRUS IN BULGARIA","authors":"Ivona Andonova, R. Stefanova, S. Krumova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i2.25","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to perform a comparative analysis between the frequency of detection of the measles virus in Bulgarian patients by using two types of laboratory methods - serological and molecular. \u0000Materials and Methods: The total 202 patients with two types of clinical material (serum samples and nasal swabs) were tested. The specimens were collected during the measles outbreak in Bulgaria in 2019. The serological - indirect EIA test for detection of specific IgM antibodies and molecular methods - extraction and detection of viral RNA were used. \u0000Results: In the present study, tested Bulgarian patients were divided into 11 age groups. The majority of patients were under 9 years of age (126/202, 62%), including children under 1 years of age (31/202, 15%).  Acute measles infection was confirmed by ELISA-IgM in 136/202(67%) and by RT-PCR in 138/202 (68%) of cases. The positive patients detected only by PCR methods are mainly in younger tested. In 123/202 of the patients (60,89%) measles infection was confirmed by a combined serological and molecular-biological approach. The coincidence percentage rate of results obtained is 87%, including double positive (n=123) and double negative (n=52) tests. No significant differences in the results in terms of gender and age were found. \u0000Conclusion: The combined  laboratory approach (immunoenzymatic and molecular assay of each  suspected case) is a requisite for measles detection, especially before the onset of symptoms when specific Ig M antibodies could not be detected. Molecular biological techniques are basic and preferred approach in the field of modern biomedical sciences.  They play an important role in the early and accurate etiological diagnosis and monitoring of viral infections, in particular the measles virus.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129619471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First survey on Knowledge, attitude and practices about parasitic diseases among the population in the center of Morocco","authors":"H. El Omari, A. Chahlaoui, A. El Ouali Lalami","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i2.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i2.36","url":null,"abstract":"Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by infection by a leishmania-like flagellated protozoan whose only vector is an insect, Diptera, the sandfly. It is still a public health problem in several countries, notably in Morocco, where this pathology is widespread and is prevalent in sporadic or endemic forms.\u0000In order to determine the knowledge of the population in terms of leishmaniasis, its vector and means of transmission of the disease, we carried out a survey during the year 2017 with the consulting population at the level of all Health Centers (H/C )(45 Health Centers ). The descriptive results are presented as percentages and numbers. The chi-square test was used to test the association between the variables. Values ​​of p <0.05 were considered significant. The calculation of chi² (X²) and the p-value are carried out using the software R.\u0000The grouping of responses shows a lack of knowledge of leishmaniasis and phlebotomy by a large majority of the population (97% and 95%, respectively), whereas there is no correlation between the socio-economic level of the population and this lack of knowledge (chi2 = 2.8, p> 0.05), nor between the socio-economic level and the knowledge of the risk related to insects (chi-2 = 6.4, p> 0.05).\u0000These data show the extent of the perception problems with parasitic diseases, particularly leishmaniasis and also the lack of awareness of the population against this scourge. Indeed, these data can be used to define measures to be taken to limit or even eradicate exposure, and subsequently risk.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130305454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREVALENCE OF ANTI-HBC IN HBSAG-NEGATIVE POPULATION","authors":"D. Ivanov, T. Tenev, E. Golkocheva-Markova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i1.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i1.31","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Among the various serological markers employed in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) differential laboratory diagnosis, serum HBsAg is considered the most reliable. In order to characterise the HBV infection, another important diagnostic marker is employed – the HBc antibody (anti-HBc). There are three categories of anti-HBc-positive individuals: patients with HBV immunity, patients with chronic HBV and individuals with the so-called isolated anti-HBc pattern. The current study aimed to evaluate the presence of anti-HBc in patients negative for HBsAg whose clinical diagnosis was acute viral hepatitis. \u0000Material and methods. A total of 88 specimens were examined, of which 75 sera were from prospective patients diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis, and 13 sera from breast milk donors. Antibodies against the hepatitis B core antigen were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). \u0000Results. Twenty-eight (32%) of all tested samples were positive for anti-HBc. Nineteen samples belonged to male and 9 to female patients. One positive sample was from a breast milk donor. Two age groups, namely 46-55 years and 56-65 years, demonstrated the highest rate of anti-HBc positivity. Among the other age groups positivity rates varied from 15% to 36%. The results demonstrated a linear trend of increasing anti-HBc prevalence with increasing age. \u0000Conclusions. Considering the highest rate of anti-HBc positivity being demonstrated in the age range 46-65 years, it could be assumed that a sufficient number of risk factors accumulate over time resulting in greater population susceptibility to HBV infection.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115049772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF S. PNEUMONIAE STRAINS ISOLATED FROM CHILDREN WITH NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE","authors":"M. Malcheva, I. Philipova, I. Simeonovski, V. Levterova, Nadyia Brankova, T. Kantardjiev","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v48i1.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v48i1.28","url":null,"abstract":"Streptococcus pneumoniae colonises the nasopharynx of children and could cause life-threatening diseases. As a result of the implementation of conjugate vaccines worldwide the spread of vaccine serotypes has decreased. In Bulgaria PCV10 was introduced in 2010 followed by changes in the invasive clones carrying resistance genes. The aim of our study is to determine the serotype distribution and resistance patterns of isolates from children carriers after vaccination. A total of 834 children were tested for S. pneumoniae and 21% showed positive culture results. All isolates were genotyped with PCR. We found that 85% of the positive samples are from children attending kindergartens and schools. The most frequent serotypes/serogroups were 6C (20%) and 24B/F (11.5%), followed by 3 (8.6%), 11A/D (8%), 35F (6.9%), 19A (6.3%), 23A (6.3%) and 15A/F (6.3%). The susceptibility to β-lactams was high and there were strains showing intermediate susceptibility to benzylpenicillin. This study found 76 (44%) MDR strains non-susceptible to at least 3 antibiotic classes and the most common resistance pattern was erythromycin-clindamycin-tetracycline.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130941483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}