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Financial Analysis of Innovative Wood Products and Carbon Finance to Support Forest Restoration in California 支持加州森林恢复的创新木制品和碳金融的财务分析
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00049
M. Elias, J. Dees, B. Cabiyo, P. Saksa, D. L. Sanchez
{"title":"Financial Analysis of Innovative Wood Products and Carbon Finance to Support Forest Restoration in California","authors":"M. Elias, J. Dees, B. Cabiyo, P. Saksa, D. L. Sanchez","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Traditional funding strategies of grants, congressional appropriations, and income from timber sales are insufficient to complete the level of forest restoration necessary throughout California. Stimulating investment into markets for low-value biomass—such as tops and branches of trees, small trees, and dead trees—will add value to forest raw materials and provide additional revenue streams to pay for forest restoration. We evaluate the investment potential of products made from low-value biomass using a discounted cash-flow analysis of several possible forest products including fuels and nonfuels under various climate policy and market scenarios. We demonstrate the carbon benefits provided by these products, attributed to their substitution for fossil-fuel feedstocks and long-term carbon storage. Our work finds that there is an opportunity to develop several highly profitable products, most notably fuels, many of which are eligible for energy and climate policy programs such as California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard and the federal Renewable Fuel Standard. Nonfuel products have an average internal rate of return (IRR) of 13 percent, whereas fuels have an average IRR of 19 percent in our baseline scenario. Although products ineligible for government incentives are generally less profitable, income from the voluntary carbon market greatly increases the IRR. Fostering investment into these products can encourage critically needed funding for forest management while developing a high-impact carbon removal solution enabled by state, federal, and voluntary climate initiatives. On this basis, we conclude that climate policy can support forest restoration in California.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48004201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Coal Tar Distillate (Creosote)—The First and Still Great Choice to Preserve Utility Poles 煤焦油馏出物(杂酚油)-保存电线杆的首选和最佳选择
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.13073/2376-9637-73.1.1
S. T. Smith
{"title":"Coal Tar Distillate (Creosote)—The First and Still Great Choice to Preserve Utility Poles","authors":"S. T. Smith","doi":"10.13073/2376-9637-73.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/2376-9637-73.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Creosote, a coal tar distillate product, has been used to preserve wooden utility poles for well over 100 years. Such use began in the late 1800s and continues to this day. Creosote’s efficacy in protecting wood from decay, termite attach, and general weathering has been demonstrated by actual performance of poles in utility service and in documented field and laboratory testing. The American Wood Protection Association has standardized and long recognized the efficacy of creosote preservation. With production of pentachlorophenol ending after 2022, preservation may easily convert to creosote preservative. Creosote preservative also is an environmentally sound choice in that used poles can be used as fuel and otherwise, creosote degrades biologically. Wood is sustainable as new trees are grown to replace poles while the poles are sequestered carbon. Utility service life of creosote preserved wooden poles typically lasts for 70 to over 100 years with inspection and maintenance. Utilities can expect new creosote preserved poles to last into the next century.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46997555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Effect of Sawing Variation on Hardwood Lumber Recovery—Part I: Volume 锯切变化对硬木木材回收率的影响——第一部分：卷
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00059
E. Thomas, U. Buehlmann
{"title":"Effect of Sawing Variation on Hardwood Lumber Recovery—Part I: Volume","authors":"E. Thomas, U. Buehlmann","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00059","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sawing variation (SV), the degree of deviation from a specified target lumber size, is an unavoidable component of the sawing process. SV is influenced by several factors such as machine, material, set works, feed works, and cutting parameters. To account for these factors resulting in deviations from the desired target size, the target thickness of the lumber cut must be increased such that only a minimal number of boards is less than target thickness. Thus, the greater the amount of SV, the larger the target thickness must be such that a minimal quantity of undersized lumber is produced. Hence, with larger amounts of SV come greater waste and decreased opportunities for optimizing lumber recovery. However, the decrease in material loss due to a reduction in SV may not necessarily translate into a statistically significant increase in lumber product recovery by volume. This study explored the effect of varying degrees of SV on lumber recovery by volume for a range of hardwood log diameters using the US Forest Service's LOg ReCovery Analysis Tool sawmill simulation software. A minimal average recovery improvement of 3 percent due to reduced SV was observed across all kerf thicknesses, equating to a production value improvement of $336,000 for an 8 million board feet mill. Results indicate that the recovery gains realized by volume depend upon the log diameters sawn, the lumber target thickness, and the change (reduction) in SV.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43588265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing 2 by 6 Southern Pine Lumber Flexural and Tensile Properties with Nondestructive Techniques 用无损技术评价2 × 6南松木材的弯曲和拉伸性能
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00055
M. G. C. Uzcategui, F. França, R. D. Seale, R. Ross, C. A. Senalik
{"title":"Assessing 2 by 6 Southern Pine Lumber Flexural and Tensile Properties with Nondestructive Techniques","authors":"M. G. C. Uzcategui, F. França, R. D. Seale, R. Ross, C. A. Senalik","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00055","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess the flexural and tensile properties of 702 pieces of No. 2 grade 2 by 6 southern pine lumber using nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques. Longitudinal and transverse vibration techniques were used to test each specimen. The mean dynamic modulus of elasticity in the longitudinal direction was 11,246 MPa, and the mean transverse vibration dynamic modulus of elasticity was 11,491 MPa. Proof-loading bending tests were conducted on each specimen. The mean bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) was 10,615 MPa. Each specimen was then destructively tested in tension parallel to the grain to determine tension MOE (Et) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS). The overall mean for Et was 11,339 MPa and the UTS mean was 28.54 MPa. Correlations between growth characteristics, and physical and mechanical properties were analyzed. From the linear regression analysis, a strong relationship between Et and dynamic MOE was found using both NDT tools. Multivariable regression models were developed to improve UTS estimation. NDT techniques are recommended for the estimation of mechanical properties of No. 2 grade 2 by 6 southern pine lumber.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42379573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research and Testing Lead to Historic Code Change 研究和测试导致历史性的代码变更
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.226
Heather Stegner, N. Fotheringham
{"title":"Research and Testing Lead to Historic Code Change","authors":"Heather Stegner, N. Fotheringham","doi":"10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.226","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Simply substituting wood for conventional building materials could provide almost a tenth of the global carbon emission reductions needed to meet 2030 goals. However, while structural light-frame wood products are the go-to building material in the United States for low-rise residential construction, capturing over 90 percent of the market, any kind of wood-frame construction at the time under examination was limited to 5 stories and 85 feet in height. These story and height limitations dated back decades and prevented the design and construction of larger and taller buildings.\u0000 In 2014, the American Wood Council (AWC) began developing a plan to expand these limits, but recognized it would require the International Building Code, the predominant model code adopted in most local and state jurisdictions in the United States, to embrace a new type of construction: fire-resistance-rated tall mass timber.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46320086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Challenges Facing the Development and Market Introduction of Hardwood Cross-Laminated Timbers 硬木交叉层压木材开发与市场引进面临的挑战
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00048
C. Hassler, J. Mcneel, L. Dénes, Jonathan R Norris, Balasz Bencsik
{"title":"Challenges Facing the Development and Market Introduction of Hardwood Cross-Laminated Timbers","authors":"C. Hassler, J. Mcneel, L. Dénes, Jonathan R Norris, Balasz Bencsik","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The interest in softwood-based cross-laminated timber (CLT) production has in turn generated a great deal of interest in producing CLT from hardwood species. This prospect of a new market for hardwood lumber is a significant driver behind efforts to gain certification of hardwoods within American Panel Association (APA) PRG 320, Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber. However, a number of challenges present significant hurdles for gaining acceptance of hardwoods in CLT manufacturing. These include differences in how softwoods and hardwoods are produced and marketed (e.g., structural lumber markets [softwoods] vs. appearance-grade markets [hardwoods]), lumber grading differences, available sizes of hardwood lumber, drying differences between hardwoods and softwoods, and gluing particularities with hardwoods. This paper identifies the various issues involved with introducing hardwoods into a softwood-dominated market and what it will take to be competitive within the overall CLT market.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44804439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Study on the Kansei Image of Linear Elements of Wooden Screens on the Basis of Modern Aesthetics 基于现代美学的木屏线条元素的感性意象研究
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00045
Shun An, Zhongning Guo, Hai Fang
{"title":"Study on the Kansei Image of Linear Elements of Wooden Screens on the Basis of Modern Aesthetics","authors":"Shun An, Zhongning Guo, Hai Fang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00045","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As a primitive furniture with the longest history in China, the screen (pingfeng) originated in the western Zhou Dynasty and went through the Han and Tang dynasties, the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing dynasties and is still being used to date. This paper aims to explore the modern aesthetics contained in the traditional screen line and measure the contribution of some linear elements to the overall modern characteristics of the screen. By adopting the method of Kansei engineering, quantitative research is carried out on the Kansei image and the linear patterns of the traditional Chinese screens. The results show that the factors affecting the modern aesthetics of the screen have three linear elements: the top section (pingmao), the upright brackets (zhanya), and the base (dunzuo), with the top section and the base having the greatest influence on the “modern” kansei image of the screen. On the basis of these linear features, the style of the screen can be determined, and the quantitative data can provide reference for the design of modern screens.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44224552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Summary of COVID-19 Pandemic Assistance to US Forest Products Companies 新冠肺炎疫情援助美国林产品公司综述
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00051
M. Russell
{"title":"A Summary of COVID-19 Pandemic Assistance to US Forest Products Companies","authors":"M. Russell","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Forest products and timber harvesting businesses were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes how forest products companies used Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans to keep over 487,000 workers in the forest industry on payroll through the pandemic. This article also summarizes the Pandemic Assistance for Timber Harvesters and Haulers (PATHH) program, payments provided to timber harvesting and hauling businesses that experienced losses in revenue in 2020. Timber harvesting and hauling companies that received a PATHH payment reported US$1.27 trillion in total revenue lost between 2019 and 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49261556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Comparison of Water Resistance for Modified Medium-Density Fiberboard 改性中密度纤维板的耐水性比较
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00047
Luis Molina Irribarra, F. Kamke, S. Leavengood
{"title":"Comparison of Water Resistance for Modified Medium-Density Fiberboard","authors":"Luis Molina Irribarra, F. Kamke, S. Leavengood","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Commercial medium-density fiberboard (MDF) products, specifically manufactured for water resistance, were evaluated over 8 days under three water exposure regimes: 90 percent relative humidity, one-sided water spray, and one-sided wet pad. A three-cycle wet-pad and drying exposure test was also performed. Rate of swelling, extent of swelling, and irreversible thickness swelling were determined. Acetylated MDF (AMDF) had the best overall performance, followed by steam-injection pressed MDF (SMDF) and polymeric methylene-diphenyl-diisocyanate–bonded moisture-resistant MDF. The fastest rate of thickness swell and linear expansion occurred with exposure to one-sided water spray and the slowest with 90 percent relative humidity exposure. While AMDF was clearly superior after 24-hour exposure, the other MDF products were nearly identical. Significant difference in thickness swell and water absorption between moisture-resistant MDF and SMDF developed after 24 hours. Regardless of the method of water exposure, the trend of best to worst MDF performance was the same.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43393701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Report on the Peter and Doris Koch Endowment Funds through 2021 彼得和多丽丝·科赫捐赠基金到2021年的报告
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学
Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.bmi
{"title":"Report on the Peter and Doris Koch Endowment Funds through 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.bmi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.bmi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66242354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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