Forest Products Journal最新文献_第2页

Nondestructive Evaluation of 2 by 10 Southern Pine Lumber 2 × 10南松材的无损评价

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00054

M. G. C. Uzcategui, F. França, R. D. Seale, C. A. Senalik, R. Ross

{"title":"Nondestructive Evaluation of 2 by 10 Southern Pine Lumber","authors":"M. G. C. Uzcategui, F. França, R. D. Seale, C. A. Senalik, R. Ross","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Efficient use of the available wood resources is necessary to sustainably meet the long-term demand for wood products. This paper presents research about the potential of using transverse and longitudinal vibration techniques to evaluate the bending modulus of elasticity MOE (Eb) and tensile properties (Et and UTS) of 2 by 10 No. 2 grade southern pine (Pinus spp.) lumber. A total of 285 lumber pieces were first nondestructively tested using longitudinal vibration (Director HM 200), transverse vibration (Metriguard E-computer), and proof-loading bending tests (Universal Instron Machine). Each specimen was then destructively tested in tension parallel to the grain to determine tension modulus of elasticity (Et) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS). Correlations between growth characteristics, physical, and mechanical properties were analyzed. Excellent correlative relationships between longitudinal and transverse dMOE with the elastic properties Eb, and Et were found. A strong correlation was also found between the elastic properties Eb and Et. The prediction of Eb was improved after adding density to the model. The estimation of UTS was also improved with the addition of density and a secondary nondestructive measurement. Nondestructive techniques are recommended to assess the mechanical properties of southern pine 2 by 10 lumber.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45586990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identifying Optimal Locations for Hardwood CLT Plants in Tennessee: Application of a Spatially Explicit Framework 确定田纳西州硬木CLT植物的最佳位置:空间明确框架的应用

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-23-00010

R. Adhikari, N. Poudyal, C. Brandeis, P. Nepal

{"title":"Identifying Optimal Locations for Hardwood CLT Plants in Tennessee: Application of a Spatially Explicit Framework","authors":"R. Adhikari, N. Poudyal, C. Brandeis, P. Nepal","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The prospect of using mass timber products, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), for building material has increased in recent years because of the advantage of these products over their substitutes in terms of structural rigidity, cost efficiency, and climate benefits. However, the American National Standard developed for CLT currently applies to softwood only. With the expected increase in the market for CLT, the supply chain needs to address the projected rise in demand for hardwood as well. Promoting the production of hardwood mass timber like CLT requires studying the feasibility of quality hardwood lumber supply and identifying the optimal locations for investing capital in CLT manufacturing plants. By presenting a case from Tennessee, this study provides a spatially explicit framework to use a variety of factors such as transportation networks, proximity to sawmills, sawmill capacity, and roundwood supply to identify optimal CLT plant locations. Specifically, fuzzy multicriteria analysis was used to identify potential locations, which provided inputs for a location-allocation model to identify optimal locations for CLT plants. Among the several potential locations, three optimal locations suitable for CLT plants were identified with 12,504 thousand cubic feet (MCF) annual production potential of CLT panels in Tennessee. Although increasing transportation distance for lumber procurement would increase CLT production capacity, it would also result in increased lumber supply costs. Potential investors and regional planners interested in using hardwood forest products can benefit from these findings to locate suitable sites for new investment.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47861531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing Income and Risk of Incorporating Pine Straw Production into Slash Pine Plantations 湿地松人工林引入松秸秆生产的收益与风险评估

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-23-00003

T. McConnell

{"title":"Assessing Income and Risk of Incorporating Pine Straw Production into Slash Pine Plantations","authors":"T. McConnell","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Slash pine plantation economic returns from both timber and pine straw producing perspectives were compared. Bare land values (BLVs) were calculated for site index 65 (base age 25) across three discount rates (4%, 5%, and 6%), three planting densities [545 (8 by 10 ft), 623 (7 by 10 ft), and 726 (6 by 10 ft) trees per acre], and two sets of timber prices (30-year and 10-year averages). Timber yields were obtained from the Cutover Slash Growth and Yield Simulator. Straw yields were estimated stochastically using a two-parameter Weibull distribution based on findings from a summary of pine straw yields and economic benefits in loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine stands. Straw production at an estimated average of 198 bales per acre (13 by 13 by 26 inches) improved net economic returns across all discount rates and planting densities. Increasing discount rates expectedly lowered BLVs. The BLVs varied much less across spacings, with planting at 7 by 10 ft being the preferred option. From 159 to 164 bales per acre were needed for pine straw operations to break even when planting 623 trees per acre depending on the discount rate. The distance from the average BLV to the 90th percentile was greater than the distance from the average BLV to the 10th percentile across strategies. This implied a greater potential existed for pine straw harvesting to improve BLV, but risk associated with a pine straw enterprise could reduce net income levels below simply choosing to forgo this activity.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41554197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comparative Analysis Between Timber Industry and Nontimber Forest Products Industry in Relation to Sustainability and Operators' Proactiveness 木材工业与非木材林产品工业可持续性与经营者主动性的比较分析

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00065

Yixuan Luo, Xiao Feng

{"title":"A Comparative Analysis Between Timber Industry and Nontimber Forest Products Industry in Relation to Sustainability and Operators' Proactiveness","authors":"Yixuan Luo, Xiao Feng","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00065","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The balance among forest industry development, forest operators' well-being, and environmental conservation has been noted as an emerging concern in forest sustainability strategy. In this study, we innovatively adopted a multidimensional assessment method that integrates economic, environmental, and social dimensions to compare the comprehensive sustainability of roundwood, bamboo, tea products, and fruit industries, which are representative subtypes of the timber industry and the nontimber forest products (NTFP) industry. Additionally, our study examined whether a relationship exists between the forest industry's comprehensive sustainability and operators' proactiveness. We collected data on selected types of forest operators involved in productive loans from 115 villages in southern China between 2008 and 2020. Empirical results indicate that an increase in the comprehensive sustainability rank of the subtype forest industry led to growth in forest operators' financing amount. Specifically, the NTFP industry motivated operators' proactiveness more than did the timber industry, the effect of which was considerably greater in company group than in household group. Our findings reveal the necessity of policy interventions in developing countries to encourage the transition to optimizing forest industrial structure and sustainable forestry operations, which could initiate the socio-economic goal of sustained forest resource use and growth in forest sector output through the natural promotion effect posed by the sustainability advantages.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44438570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of Local Density on Concentrated Static Load Performance of Oriented Strandboard 局部密度对定向链板集中静载性能的影响

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-23-00001

Siguo Chen, R. Knudson

{"title":"Influence of Local Density on Concentrated Static Load Performance of Oriented Strandboard","authors":"Siguo Chen, R. Knudson","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fourteen 1,220 by 2,440 by 11.1-mm commercial Oriented Strandboard (OSB) panels were X-ray scanned to obtain horizontal density matrices. Localized densities around the concentrated static load (CSL) testing points of the panels were calculated prior to the CSL test. A linear regression analysis was conducted to assess the impact of the localized density on CSL performance. The results indicated that both deflection and ultimate load were highly correlated with the local density. Deflection and ultimate load were somewhat correlated (R2 = 0.52). The CSL deflection decreased and ultimate load increased significantly with increasing local density. The impact of local density on ultimate load was greater than on deflection. Horizontal density variation is inherent in OSB manufacturing processes, especially in the mat forming process. A number of factors, including evenness of strands in the metering bin, condition of picker rolls and dissolving rolls, and strand and fines surging, can affect horizontal density distribution. OSB panels with a high degree of variation in horizontal panel density may cause low density spots that increase the chance of failure in CSL test. It is therefore crucial to minimize the occurrence of very low density areas in order to reduce the odds of ultimate load failure. Reducing density variability allows OSB companies to increase the CSL properties of their products, which would otherwise need to be done by making the panel denser. Improving horizontal density uniformity allows for lowering of the average panel density, which reduces the manufacturing cost and helps improve the company's bottom line.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46572008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Notching on Three-Ply Southern Pine Cross-Laminated Timber Panel Stiffness and Strength 切口对南方松三层交叉层合板刚度和强度的影响

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00071

L. M. Spinelli Correa, R. Shmulsky, R. Ross

{"title":"Effect of Notching on Three-Ply Southern Pine Cross-Laminated Timber Panel Stiffness and Strength","authors":"L. M. Spinelli Correa, R. Shmulsky, R. Ross","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00071","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Considering the high demand for housing and the ongoing environmental issues our society faces, it's crucial to opt for more ecofriendly materials for building purposes. In that scenario, engineered wood products play an important role as they are not only based on a sustainable material but also can reduce the carbon footprint from construction. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is one of the products that could expand wood products use while keeping up with low and mid-rise building needs. Although CLT use has been expanding in the United States for the last few years, there is still a high necessity for understanding this composite behavior. One of those needs is assessing the effect of notching on the panels and measuring strength reduction as well as possible reinforcement methods. The goal of this project was to evaluate the performance of CLT panels focusing on strength and stiffness properties. Mechanical bending testing of three-ply southern pine CLT samples was performed to evaluate the influence of notches and stitching reinforcement on panels. The strength reduction caused by notching was successfully measured. Control samples supported significantly higher loads than notched samples. However, it was found that the deeper the notch, the more effective the stitching can be regarding strength. Control samples presented cross-grain tension and splintering tension failure modes, whereas notched samples presented simple tension failure mode. The findings of this work are of great value toward updating manufacturing, design, and use criteria for notched CLT panels and can be potentially used in future building codes.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43133902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of Tree Species and Extent of Material Deterioration of Wood Components in the Yangjia Courtyard Ancient Building 杨家大院古建筑树种鉴定及木材构件材料劣化程度

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00068

Yan Yang, Bin Li, Yuqing Liu, Wenqiang Zhang, Chuanbo Wang

{"title":"Identification of Tree Species and Extent of Material Deterioration of Wood Components in the Yangjia Courtyard Ancient Building","authors":"Yan Yang, Bin Li, Yuqing Liu, Wenqiang Zhang, Chuanbo Wang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00068","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The identification of the tree species and the extent of material deterioration in the wooden components of the walkway of the first courtyard of the ancient Yangjia Courtyard were analyzed in this study using bright-field microscopy, polarized light, fluorescence, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods. The results are as follows: (1) samples No. 1 and No. 2, and No. 4, No. 3, and No. 5 taken from the roots of the wooden pillars were identified as lace-bark pine wood (Pinus bungeana), poplar woods (Populus spp.), large-fruited elm wood (Ulmus macrocarpa), and spruce wood (Picea sp.), respectively on the basis of observation of anatomical structural characteristics and analysis of selection principle of “local selection” in ancient buildings. (2) The observation of polarization and fluorescence and the analysis of FTIR spectra showed that the brightness of crystalline cellulose birefringence reduced severely, and analysis of FTIR spectra showed that the absorption peaks representing cellulose and hemicellulose in the lace-bark pine and spruce wooden components disappeared or decreased. However, the polarization and fluorescence and the FTIR spectra of the poplar and elm wooden components showed that the brightness of the crystalline cellulose birefringence and the absorption peaks remained constant, as the controls did. (3) According to the results of the effects of the polarization and fluorescence effects and the FTIR spectra, we concluded that the lace-bark pine and spruce wooden components were severely attacked by brown rot fungi; in contrast, the wooden components of poplar and elm were not attacked by wood decay fungus, but were attacked by insects. These results provide scientific guidance for subsequent preventive conservation such as preservative treatment and insect prevention.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46390905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Prediction of Acoustic Velocity Properties of Downed Pine Trees Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 近红外光谱法预测倒下松树的声速特性

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00067

M. Musah, A. Alawode, Javier Hernandez Diaz, O. Asafu-Adjaye, T. Gallagher, M. Peresin, Yucheng Peng, D. Mitchell, M. Smidt, B. Via

{"title":"Prediction of Acoustic Velocity Properties of Downed Pine Trees Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","authors":"M. Musah, A. Alawode, Javier Hernandez Diaz, O. Asafu-Adjaye, T. Gallagher, M. Peresin, Yucheng Peng, D. Mitchell, M. Smidt, B. Via","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00067","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy was used to determine correlations between acoustic velocity and stiffness properties of downed pine trees in the southern coastal plains of the United States. Three acoustic measurement methods (longitudinal, transverse, and offset) were used. From the measurement of the acoustics, the time of flight (TOF) was determined from the downed trees. Increment core samples were obtained from each thirty downed pine trees in the study. NIR spectra were obtained using a fiber probe on the radial surface of each core to rapidly correlate the speed of sound, estimate the strength properties of the downed trees, and the TOF acoustic assessments. The NIR prediction was very good for the transverse and offset methods. The predictability diagnostic was above an R2 of 0.70 for both offset measurements for the transverse methods for the acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE). The longitudinal measurement exhibited the weakest model (R2 < 0.65) for both the acoustic velocity and the MOE with the highest standard error of prediction between 3.0 (ELVLSWV) and 0.31 (VLSWV) for the three measurement types. All the standard errors of calibration were below 1% except in ELVOSWV, which was ∼2%. The dry density measured from the increment cores had a moderate correlation (R2 ∼ 60%), compared with the lower correlation (R2 ∼ 50%) by the green density in the multiple linear regression output. The results of the acoustic model indicated that NIR spectroscopy has the potential to predict the acoustic velocity and corresponding stiffness of downed trees.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48361616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Stimulation of the Anticancer Chemical Taxol in Taxus baccata 红豆杉抗癌化学紫杉醇的刺激作用

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00069

Yalda Zhoulideh, Yousef Mohammadi, M. Mashayekhi

{"title":"The Stimulation of the Anticancer Chemical Taxol in Taxus baccata","authors":"Yalda Zhoulideh, Yousef Mohammadi, M. Mashayekhi","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00069","url":null,"abstract":"Taxol is an anticancer drug that is widely used in cancer treatment worldwide. Since the source of the drug is a plant, the increase in its production is one of the concerns of researchers. One way to increase the production of Taxol is to use stimulants for secondary metabolite production. Therefore, in this study, methyl jasmonate was used as a bioelicitor, and its effect on Taxol production was evaluated. For this purpose, Taxus baccata was elicited for 48 and 72 hours with concentrations at 0, 100, 250, and 500 μM methyl jasmonate, and the quantities of Taxol in the leaf and stem explants were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that among the leaf and stem explants, a tremendous amount of Taxol production is related to the leaf, which is a great advantage in reducing the number of trees cut down to obtain Taxol. In addition, the 48-hour elicitation time demonstrated the best result in the production of Taxol. The optimal concentration of methyl jasmonate was also estimated at 500 μM and 0.326 mg/g of dried leaf biomass. The results of this experiment showed that methyl jasmonate has the potential to be used as a biological elicitor to produce considerable amounts of Taxol in Taxus baccata.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48116730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Produced from Low-Grade Yellow-Poplar Sorted by Structural Visual Grade 按结构视觉等级分类的低等级黄杨生产的交叉层压木板

IF 0.9 4区农林科学

Forest Products Journal Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.13073/fpj-d-22-00074

Rafael da Rosa Azambuja, D. DeVallance, J. Mcneel, G. Dahle

{"title":"Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Produced from Low-Grade Yellow-Poplar Sorted by Structural Visual Grade","authors":"Rafael da Rosa Azambuja, D. DeVallance, J. Mcneel, G. Dahle","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00074","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Low-grade yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) graded No. 2 Common, and No. 3 Common (National Hardwood Lumber Association - NHLA rules) is mainly used by the industry to produce wood pallets. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are options to diversify the usage and increase the value of this material. Therefore, the objective of this study was to produce CLT panels from a population of NHLA graded No. 2A, No. 2B, No. 3A, and No. 3B lumber and to evaluate whether the panel properties meet the bending criteria (major strength direction) and adhesive bond requirements listed for “V” type CLT in ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 (2020) using Northeastern Lumber Association Manufacturers No. 2 and No. 3 in longitudinal and transverse layers, respectively. Ten panels were produced to evaluate the bond quality and mechanical properties. The bond test results showed average delamination under 5 percent and were more frequent in the central areas of the panel than in the outer panel areas. The results from testing showed that the calculated allowable stress-design bending-strength (major direction) value for the yellow-poplar CLT panels was 1,718 psi (11.84 MPa), which corresponds to a value 90 percent higher than V1 (900 psi, 6.20 MPa) layups. Modulus of elasticity (MOE; major direction) was comparable to V2 and V3, with an average MOE of 1.39 by 106 psi (9,584 MPa). Based on these findings, the study indicated the potential for using low-grade yellow-poplar lumber to produce CLT panels. However, more research is needed to evaluate other mechanical properties in both the major and minor axis.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44832500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0