Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Testing treecbh in Central European forests: an R package for crown base height detection using high-resolution aerial laser-scanned data","authors":"Gergő Diószegi, Vanda Éva Molnár, Loránd Attila Nagy, Péter Enyedi, Péter Török, Szilárd Szabó","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae044","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate information regarding tree canopy characteristics is crucial for forest management, but it is often difficult to assess. This study presents an innovative framework designed for crown base height (CBH) detection using high-resolution laser-scanned data, with a specific focus on individual trees within forests. The framework comprises three key steps: (i) segmenting the input tree point cloud to identify the tree trunk and its branches using the treesio software; (ii) applying vertical cross-sectional K-means clustering to cluster the identified tree and to define the elevation threshold for removing low-lying understory vegetation; (iii) employing a novel 2D kernel method for detecting CBH after eliminating low-lying understory vegetation. The 2D kernel method, developed for broadleaf forests using leaf-off airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, underpins the treecbh tool. This tool features a visual CBH adjustment component that shows a 2D profile plot of the tree point cloud, and suggests a CBH value for user approval or adjustment. To evaluate accuracy, in situ measured CBH data from five forest plots in Germany and Hungary with varied species compositions were used. ALS data were collected during leaf-off conditions for the two Hungarian plots and during leaf-on conditions for the three German plots. Leaf-off terrestrial laser-scanned data from individual trees were also used in the accuracy assessment. A sensitivity analysis using random point decimation was conducted on the terrestrial laser-scanned data to assess treecbh’s sensitivity to point density. The initial results exhibited matching rates of 45% and 60% for leaf-off ALS plots, which significantly improved to 71% and 77%, respectively, when using the visual CBH adjustment feature of the tool. The leaf-on ALS results demonstrated matching rates between 24% and 33%, whereas the CBHs of individual terrestrial laser-scanned trees could be detected with 93% accuracy in visual mode. It was observed that treecbh operates effectively when the input ALS data have a minimum point density of 20 pts/${text{m}}^2$, with its optimal performance achieved at 110 pts/${text{m}}^2$. These findings indicated treecbh’s sensitivity to ALS data quality, scanning season (leaf-on and leaf-off), and point density. This sensitivity can be effectively mitigated in the case of leaf-off ALS data by utilizing the visual CBH adjustment feature of the tool.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142212544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of coarse woody debris on habitat use of two sympatric rodent species in the temperate Białowieża Forest","authors":"Emilia Zegadło, Piotr Zegadło, Elżbieta Jancewicz","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae043","url":null,"abstract":"Importance of coarse woody debris (CWD) in habitat use of small mammals has not been thoroughly explored, especially for European species. Moreover, despite the growing awareness about the need for protecting CWD resources in forests, their amount is usually quantified with regard to current or desired volume. The area of forest floor covered by CWD is rarely considered, despite its potential importance for habitat use of small mammals. Over a period of three summer seasons (4800 trap-nights), we examined the populations of yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis and bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus through capture-mark-recapture trapping at three 1-hectare study sites, including both managed forests and a nature reserve in Białowieża Forest, Poland. We applied generalized linear mixed models on a sample of 236 adult individuals of yellow-necked mouse and 173 adult individuals of bank vole to establish that the access to CWD is a significant aspect of their habitat use. Our results suggest that both species prefer a certain minimum amount of CWD. After accounting for different aspects of forest undergrowth, we established that bank vole more frequently used areas with a relatively large amount of CWD (threshold of 0.75 m$^{3}$ CWD per 100 m$^{2}$), together with a propensity to choose areas with debris in the later stages of decay. Yellow-necked mouse was found more frequently in areas with at least 1.5 m$^{2}$ of CWD. We suggest that manipulating CWD distribution, or possibly vegetation characteristics, could be a strategy for managing the abundance and distribution of rodents in forest stands—especially when both CWD volume and coverage are taken into account.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142212543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current understanding and future prospects for ash dieback disease with a focus on Britain","authors":"Matt Combes, Joan Webber, Lynne Boddy","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae040","url":null,"abstract":"Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an introduced ascomycete fungus which causes ash dieback and has resulted in widespread mortality of ash throughout Europe. Although H. fraxineus has been present on the continent for at least four decades, it was not identified until 2006. The first record of the pathogen in Britain came in 2012 although it was probably present a decade earlier. The most common host European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) is economically and ecologically important to Britain where the cost of ash dieback is estimated at billions of pounds. The impact of ash dieback has stimulated a major research response which we review with the aim of providing up-to-date information relevant to Britain and identifying knowledge gaps where research would contribute to improved disease mitigation. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an outcrossing fungus with high genotypic diversity; ascospores produced via sexual reproduction are critical to aerial dispersal and infection. Temperature, moisture, and ground cover influence pathogen fruit body development, the timing of ascospore release, and extent of ascospore germination; they also interact together to affect the likelihood of infection. In addition, stand characteristics, including tree density, tree height, and landscape fragmentation, affect disease dynamics with increased disease severity on moist sites with high ash density. Efforts at finding natural resistance in ash have identified genetic markers associated with disease tolerance, and gene expression analysis is providing insights into the basis of that resistance. Mainland European findings indicate that ash dieback makes trees more vulnerable to other pathogens, whilst endophytes in the ash phyllosphere can suppress infection by H. fraxineus. Possible tools for long-term control of ash dieback include (1) deployment of resistant ash, (2) quantitatively informed management practices based on microclimate models and better understanding of the pathogen life cycle, and (3) manipulation of biocontrol agents from the ash microbiome or pathogen mycoviruses.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of population genetic structure of Pinus mugo Turra forest stands in the Giant Mountains by analysis of nSSR molecular marker data","authors":"Martina Komárková, Jiří Čáp, Olga Trčková, Jaroslav Dostál, Pavlína Máchová","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae042","url":null,"abstract":"Pinus mugo (dwarf mountain pine) communities in the protected area of Krkonoše National Park are extremely valuable. After extensive deforestation during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, P. mugo recovered naturally in some parts of the Giant Mountains, and in some places imported seeds were likely used for reforestation. To distinguish between native and possibly introduced local P. mugo populations, genetic variations between 12 populations from the Czech Sudeten part of the Giant Mountains and between the two populations from the Tatra Mountains were analysed using 12 nuclear microsatellite markers (nuclear simple sequence repeats). Based on the simple sequence repeat data, 146 alleles were found, and Shannon’s information index, number of private alleles, and expected heterozygosity (HE) of populations averaged 1.12, 0.16, and 0.53, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that most of the variation was detected within populations. Low levels of genetic differentiation were also observed (average FST = 0.023). The population structure was examined by Bayesian clustering. The results of STRUCTURE analysis confirmed that the introduced populations were different from the autochthonous populations. Some of the introduced Czech Sudeten populations had similar genetic structure as the more distant native populations from the Tatra Mountains. Our results provide important genetic information for the reconstruction of natural communities in the Giant Mountains.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing harvesting residues: a systematic review of management treatments around the world","authors":"Alberto Udali, Woodam Chung, Bruce Talbot, Stefano Grigolato","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae041","url":null,"abstract":"Dead woody materials are naturally part of the forest ecosystem introduced through the process of tree mortality or intentionally through stand management practices which result in harvesting residues. The management of harvesting residues includes a range of solutions that vary from site to site, from context to context. The purpose of this review is to determine the current state-of-the-art of harvesting residue management treatments at a global scale. Our review indicates that there are few studies that compare residue management and treatment options, considering the variety of impacts and effects that can be generated. This is surprising as residue management affects residue quantity and distribution and is relevant for numerous ecological processes. The retention of fine and coarse residues can generate positive effects and impacts on various aspects of forest ecosystems including (i) biodiversity, by promoting stand regeneration and providing habitats for fauna at different levels; (ii) soil properties, by decreasing the risk of erosion and soil compaction while retaining moisture at ground level; and (iii) soil nutrients, by replenishing C, N, and micronutrient stocks. On the contrary, harvesting residues can provide material for bioenergy production and potentially other fiber industries. The removal of residues can also reduce wildfire risks and dampen insect outbreak dynamics. In this work, we provide a general outline of the role of residues as well as a summary of current management options adopted around the world. The intention of the work is to provide an information base for stakeholders including forest managers and policymakers in identifying and assessing potential alternatives for their current local practices.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141885483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling dominant height with USGS 3DEP LiDAR to determine site index in even-aged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the southeastern US","authors":"Vicent A Ribas-Costa, Aitor Gastón, Rachel L Cook","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae034","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate quantification and mapping of forest productivity are critical to understanding and managing forest ecosystems. Local LiDAR or photogrammetric surveys have been used to obtain reliable estimates of canopy heights, yet these acquisitions can entail substantial expenses. Therefore, we developed models using freely available US Geological survey (USGS) LiDAR data for prediction of dominant height to map site index across loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the southeastern US. We used 2017–2020 national USGS 3D Elevation Program LiDAR acquisitions and explored how different height percentiles, grid output resolutions, time difference between LiDAR and ground acquisitions, tree height, and dominant height definition affected the proposed model. We built the dominant height models using 1301 ground plots. The final regression model was constructed with the 95th percentile of the height distribution of the first returns above-ground and had values of R2 = 0.89, RMSE = 1.55 m, and RRMSE = 7.66 per cent at a 20-m pixel grid, yet all the examined percentile-resolution combinations were acceptable. No effect evidence was found for time difference when the flight was less than 4 months in advance or after the ground measurement, and it was also found independent of pulse density when this variable was lower than 9.5 pulses m−2. Using the recorded age of the plantations, we assessed the error propagation when translating dominant height to site index in two site index models, obtaining an RRMSE lower than 10 per cent in both. We found that USGS LiDAR acquisitions can be reliably used to map dominant height at a large scale, and consequently used to map forest productivity when age is known. This ability adds more value to a tool proven widely applicable in time and space and offers a great opportunity for stakeholders in different fields of use.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141776028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic variation and genetic diversity in European Alnus species","authors":"Inês Gomes Marques, Cristina Vieites-Blanco, Maria J Barrento, José N Semedo, Ana P Rodrigues, Paula Scotti-Campos, M Angela Martín, Alejandro Solla, Teresa S David, Patricia M Rodríguez-González","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae039","url":null,"abstract":"The recent taxonomic distinction between the European common alder species Alnus glutinosa and A. lusitanica strengthens the need for studies on phenotypic and genetic variation. Understanding such variations requires the use of populations encompassing the total latitudinal distribution and environmental envelope of the distribution range of A. glutinosa and A. lusitanica. This study aims to describe the genetic diversity and assess the phenology, morphology, physiology and biochemistry of alder seedlings from populations reaching out to the latitudinal extremes of both species. We grew 1579 2-year-old seedlings from seven A. glutinosa and six A. lusitanica populations in a common garden in Oeiras, Portugal. By using simple sequence repeat markers, two genetically distinct groups in A. glutinosa and three in A. lusitanica were identified. The species presented marked morphological and biochemical differences. The southern populations of A. lusitanica showed higher genetic diversity than A. glutinosa populations. Significant associations between four alleles from three loci, and one morphological and three biochemical traits were detected in several genetic groups from both alder species. Traits from southern populations of A. lusitanica were associated with low water availability. Inter-specific trait variation and association of traits with molecular markers suggest that A. lusitanica might have an adaptive advantage if subjected to drought and heat stressors. This study strengthens the recent taxonomical differentiation between the two species and emphasizes the need for preserving southern A. lusitanica populations and their genetic diversity in Mediterranean riparian corridors.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailed validation of large-scale Sentinel-2-based forest disturbance maps across Germany","authors":"Eike Reinosch, Julian Backa, Petra Adler, Janik Deutscher, Philipp Eisnecker, Karina Hoffmann, Niklas Langner, Martin Puhm, Marius Rüetschi, Christoph Straub, Lars T Waser, Jens Wiesehahn, Katja Oehmichen","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae038","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring forest areas with satellite data has become a vital tool to derive information on disturbances in European forests at large scales. An extensive validation of generated maps is essential to evaluate their potential and limitations in detecting various disturbance patterns. Here, we present the validation results of forest disturbance maps generated for four study areas in Germany using Sentinel-2 data from 2018 to 2022. We apply a time series filtering method to map annual forest disturbances larger than 0.1 ha based on spectral clustering and annual change magnitude. The presented method is part of a research study to design a precursor for a national German forest disturbance monitoring system. In this context, annual forest change areas are used to estimate affected timber volume and related economic losses. To better understand the thematic accuracies and the reliability of the area estimates, we performed an independent and extensive validation of the annual product using 20 validation sets embedded in our four study areas and comprising a total of 11 019 sample points. The collected reference datasets are based on an expert interpretation of high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery, including information on the dominant tree species, disturbance cause, and disturbance severity level. Our forest disturbance map achieves an overall accuracy of 99.1 ± 0.1% in separating disturbed from undisturbed forest. This is mainly indicative of the accuracy for undisturbed forest, as that class covers 97.2% of the total forest area. For the disturbed forest class, the user’s accuracy is 84.4 ± 2.0% and producer’s accuracy is 85.1 ± 3.4% for 2018 to 2022. The similar user’s and producer’s accuracies indicate that the total disturbance area is estimated accurately. However, for 2022, we observe an overestimation of the total disturbance extent, which we attribute to the high drought stress in that year leading to false detections, especially around forest edges. The accuracy varies widely among validation sets and seems related to the disturbance cause, the disturbance severity, and the disturbance patch size. User’s accuracies range from 31.0 ± 8.4% to 98.8 ± 1.3%, while producer’s accuracies range from 60.5 ± 37.3% to 100.0 ± 0.0% across the validation sets. These variations highlight that the accuracy of a single local validation set is not representative of a region with a large diversity of disturbance patterns, such as Germany. This emphasizes the need to assess the accuracies of large-scale disturbance products in as many different study areas as possible, to cover different patch sizes, disturbance severities, and disturbance causes.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic evaluation of reopening a dormant tree improvement programme: a case study with Scots pine in Scotland","authors":"Vadim Saraev, Anssi Ahtikoski, Richard Whittet, Duncan Ray","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae037","url":null,"abstract":"The deployment of improved forest reproductive material (FRM) selected to yield greater timber volume and quality than unimproved material could help to maintain productive, sustainable, and resilient forests and increase resistance to abiotic and biotic threats under extreme climate change events. In Scotland, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a productive species that aligns with these objectives. However, confidence in Scots pine has been low in recent years due to damage caused by the needle blight Dothistroma septosporum. Recent provenance/progeny trials using native Scots pine material from the Caledonian pine woods indicate a favourable genetic correlation between growth and resistance to D. septosporum, suggesting that simultaneous improvements are possible. The Scots pine breeding programme in Scotland was closed in 2002. Here, we present an economic case for reopening the breeding programme to further improve Scots pine FRM. Specifically, we evaluate the costs and potential benefits of supporting a new programme. We conduct an analysis using three improvement scenarios using a Faustmann formula (amended with thinnings) to maximize the land expectation value. Our results indicate that further improvement of Scots pine FRM would be cost-effective, outperforming the current Scots pine timber production and financial outcomes. The analysis shows that the Central scenario’s land expectation value rises by £883 ha−1 compared to the baseline of £79 ha−1, assuming a 3.5% interest rate. We employed both annuity calculations and a break-even analysis to show improved FRM could maintain a breeding programme investment of £3.5 million per year over a 30-year period with a break-even cost threshold increase of ~52% for purchasing improved planting materials from £0.33 to £0.50 per seedling. In conclusion, the study provides economic evidence of the commercial benefits for reopening the Scots pine breeding programme to increase timber production and financial returns.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141587720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Close-to-nature management of tropical timber plantations is economically viable and provides biodiversity benefits","authors":"Arne Pinnschmidt, Rasoul Yousefpour, Anja Nölte, Marc Hanewinkel","doi":"10.1093/forestry/cpae036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae036","url":null,"abstract":"Reforestation of tropical forests is crucial to mitigate the climate crisis and restore ecosystems. However, past efforts have been criticized for establishing monoculture timber plantations with exotic tree species. Close-to-nature (CTN) practices aim to minimize negative forest management impacts on forests ecosystems by mimicking natural dynamics. So far, CTN management practices are rarely applied in tropical plantation forestry. This study evaluates the economic, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity potential of CTN management in tropical mixed-species plantations in Central America using a simulation-optimization approach. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the potential of tropical CTN-managed plantations on the basis of detailed process-based forest growth simulations. CTN practices such as selective harvesting, retention forestry, and shelterwood cutting of mixed-species stands were compared to even-aged mixtures and conventional monoculture practices. Results showed that CTN management was economically viable for certain species mixtures and management practices at an 8 % discount rate and had the potential to increase carbon storage and biodiversity in the modeled plantations. At current carbon prices, CTN-managed plantations may only become financially competitive with monocultures, if monocultures are excluded from carbon certification schemes that increasingly aim at co-producing non-carbon benefits like biodiversity conservation. If carbon prices increase, the sale of carbon credits could finance the transformation of monocultures to CTN-managed mixed-species stands. The competitiveness of CTN management could also be improved through performance-based biodiversity payments, such as the sale of biodiversity credits.","PeriodicalId":12342,"journal":{"name":"Forestry","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141587721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}