{"title":"The emergence of multimedia telecommunications and its impact on power architectures","authors":"N. Osifchin, J.J. Horzepa","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396676","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of multimedia communications and its impact on powering architectures are reviewed in three time frames: prior to divestiture of AT&T in 1984; ten years after divestiture; and the next ten years. Competition, spurred by the divestiture together with advances in technology, accelerated the introduction of digital electronics, fiber and wireless to create broadband multimedia communications networks. These networks are increasingly able to provide a panoply of voice, data and image services on demand to any place and any time. To support these networks, power technologists have designed distributed architectures and smaller, lighter, more flexible, higher efficient and lower cost rectifiers, DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, and batteries compatible with the new environment. At the same time, network nodes are moving closer to the users, power processing is steadily moving closer to the electronics; into system frames in COs and closer to the users in distributed network elements. The success of distributed network architectures is tightly coupled to the availability of interoperability standards and power management systems that can be integrated into end-to-end multimedia network management systems.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132903575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A high efficiency 150 W DC/DC converter","authors":"Y. Furukawa, K. Morita, T. Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396662","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have devised a series resonant circuit, for telecommunication power supplies, in which the charge stored in the parasitic capacitor of the switching device is discharged by the magnetizing current of the transformer in order to reduce loss. In this paper the authors study the details of this new soft switched multi-resonant zero-current-switching converter and report on the modal analysis and the experimental results. They have succeeded in obtaining a high efficiency of 96% in the conversion circuit in an experimental circuit with an input of 15O Voc and an output of 5O Voc at 3A. The features of this circuit are as follows: (i) this is a multi-resonant converter with three resonant operations; (ii) the voltage of the resonant capacitor is charged by the magnetizing inductor of the transformer and the constant voltage regulation is performed by charging the peak value of the resonant current greatly; the lower the switching frequency, the larger the power obtained; (iii) the switching frequency varies little in the whole range from zero to full load; (iv) the voltage in the primary winding of the transformer shall be a half or more of the input voltage; and (v) at turn-on both zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and zero-current-switching (ZCS) are achieved, and at turn-off only ZVS is achieved.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126961533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current-source parallel-resonant DC/AC inverter with transformer","authors":"M. Kazimierczuk, R. Cravens","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396664","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives the derivation and experimental results for a current-source parallel-resonant inverter with a transformer used to change voltage levels and provide isolation. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain using Fourier series techniques to predict maximum switch voltages, impedances, and transfer functions. The inverter consists of two switches, a large choke inductor, a transformer, and a parallel-resonant circuit (PRC). The magnetizing inductance of the transformer is used as the inductance of the PRC, thereby requiring one less component. Each switch consists of a MOSFET in series with a diode. The MOSFETs have their sources grounded so there is no need for a complicated gate-drive circuit. An inverter was designed and constructed. The input voltage was 156 V and the output voltage was a 224 V peak sine wave at an operating frequency of 50 kHz. The output power at full load was 100 W.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"459 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116159811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The positive grid in stationary lead-acid batteries","authors":"M. E. Fiorino","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396672","url":null,"abstract":"The highly oxidizing and acidic environment experienced by the positive plate in telecommunications lead-acid batteries severely limits the choice of positive grid materials. Currently, grids are made from pure lead or lead-based alloys. Although long-lived batteries have been obtained using pure lead grids with complex designs, the need for thick grids coupled with the high density of lead results in batteries with low energy density. Energy density improvements could be achieved if thinner lead grids or thin grids made from less dense materials could be employed. Many approaches to controlling the corrosion and growth rate of lead-based grids as well as to the use of alternative materials have been reported in the literature. This paper provides an in-depth evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches based on the characteristics associated with a viable grid material.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130386213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The use of ratiometric measurements to determine battery status","authors":"G. Pedersen","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396623","url":null,"abstract":"Until the introduction of the valve-regulated Pb-acid (VRLA) cell the typical telecommunication battery system used flooded Pb-acid cells. These required continual monitoring to ensure that the electrolyte levels were maintained and that the specific gravity was within certain limits. When properly maintained, these battery systems were extremely reliable and had an operational life often in excess of twenty years. The short history of the VRLA cell has been somewhat less satisfactory. Introduced to meet a requirement for a battery system that was compact, nonventing and did not require topping up VRLA batteries have been used extensively in remote and unmanned sites. The VRLA battery however has not proved to be as reliable as its predecessors and has been subject to multiple random failures. This paper examines why these failures are occurring and introduces a new technique by which these cell can be monitored and failure modes detected.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128863526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An expert management system for VRLA batteries in remote telecommunications centers","authors":"J. Poulin, R. Heron, D. Mailloux","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396622","url":null,"abstract":"Reliability and longevity of \"valve-regulated Pb-acid\" (VRLA) batteries in noncontrolled environments is one of the foremost problems in telecommunications today. With the increasing trend for network decentralization and deployment of electronics outside and with the thrust to reduce maintenance and support staff, the need to prolong life and increase reliability of VRLA batteries while reducing maintenance costs has become an area of focus. This paper presents an \"expert-based\" battery management system designed to monitor and prolong the life of batteries, particularly of VRLAs in outside plant cabinets. The architecture of the system and the general operation of the battery performance algorithms are described. The paper also presents the results of extensive testing done by Stenter on VRLA batteries using the mid-point monitoring technique. This technique is the cornerstone of the battery failure detection algorithm used by the system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129759765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis and design of single-switch fixed frequency quasi-square-wave zero-current switching converters","authors":"J. Wang, A. Bhat","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396666","url":null,"abstract":"A family of single-switch fixed frequency zero-current-switching (ZCS) power converters having lossless switching and low output ripple using a coupled inductor are proposed. The operating principle is illustrated by the different operating modes and the state-space analysis of a modified ZCS fixed frequency buck power converter. Design curves are obtained and a design example is presented. SPICE simulation results obtained for varying load conditions for the power converter designed are presented to verify the theory.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121196855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Testing of high gravity flooded batteries for high rate utility applications","authors":"K. A. Murugesamoorthi, R. Landwehrle","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396587","url":null,"abstract":"Standard gravity (1.215 Specific Gravity) List 1S Round Cells were converted into high gravity (1.300 SG) List 1SH cells. Initially three cells were converted to high gravity and tested in the laboratory for suitability in power utility applications. Since the results were promising, two strings were produced at the factory and tested. After the cells met the acceptance criteria they were installed in a nuclear generating station and tested. The test results show that List 1SH high gravity Round Cells are well suited for power utility applications.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121508254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kohya, T. Takeda, K. Takano, M. Kohno, K. Yotsumoto, T. Ogata
{"title":"A deterioration estimating system for 200-Ah sealed lead-acid batteries","authors":"Y. Kohya, T. Takeda, K. Takano, M. Kohno, K. Yotsumoto, T. Ogata","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396646","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of sealed lead-acid batteries, which do not need refills of water, greatly reduces the amount of maintenance required. However, it is difficult to estimate the battery's deterioration because they are sealed. A useful battery test system for estimating the battery deterioration was developed in NTT and NTT Power and Building Facilities Inc. It can measure the battery's capacity in less than 1 ms without affecting telecommunications equipment or power equipment, is accurate to within 10%, and is compact, light, and easy to handle. In this system, the battery's internal resistance which is calculated from the transient voltage change at the battery's terminal, and current which flows through the circuit, is used to determine the extent of deterioration in the battery. The pulse width of the transient voltage was set to some hundreds microseconds from the mutual relationship between the voltage drop and the battery's capacity. A regression expression was developed using batteries with artificially accelerated deterioration, and a total of 250 sets of 200-Ah sealed lead acid batteries now in use were applied for field experiments. Errors of less than 10% were achieved for every brand of battery. We also verified that neither telecommunications equipment nor power equipment was affected by this measurement.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122817849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Yamaguchi, K. Kawarabayashi, T. Takuma, Y. Ueda, Y. Yamano
{"title":"Development of a new utility-connected photovoltaic inverter LINE BACK","authors":"M. Yamaguchi, K. Kawarabayashi, T. Takuma, Y. Ueda, Y. Yamano","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396578","url":null,"abstract":"A new utility-connected photovoltaic inverter called \"LINE BACK\", which is suited to small-scale photovoltaic generation systems for use in private households, has been developed. The inverter converts DC power generated by rooftop photovoltaic cells into AC power, and provides it to house loads connected to the utility line. When photovoltaic power is greater than the loads, the excess power is fed to the utility line through a reverse power flow. The inverter has several special functions such as a utility protection relay, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control, automatic operation with photovoltaic power, detection of islanding operation, and utility voltage compensation for reverse power flow. These functions and characteristics conform to the \"Utility-Connected System Technical Guidelines\" revised by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry in March 1993.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":123164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Intelec 94","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123897895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}