Fett-lipid最新文献

{"title":"Isolation and utilisation of curdled‐milk fat in melange formulation","authors":"B. K. De, C. Bandhu, D. Bhattacharyya, P. Pal","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<433::AID-LIPI433>3.0.CO;2-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<433::AID-LIPI433>3.0.CO;2-8","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations have been made to develop a simple technology for utilising curdled milk fat. A simple method based on adjustment of pH of the curdled milk has been developed for isolating both fat and casein. Centrifugation of the curdled milk at alkaline condition (pH = 10.5) separates its fat nearly completely. Then, adjustment of pH of the aqueous phase at pH = 4.5 caused precipitation of the casein that is removed by centrifugation. The isolated fat and casein were characterised and were found to correspond to ISI specification for food grade (Grade-I) casein and fat. The isolated milk fat has been utilised for making melange products by blending with liquid oils to enrich essential fatty acids.","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"1 1","pages":"433-436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89172161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High concentration of 1-(3-)monoglycerides by direct partial esterification of fatty acids with glycerol","authors":"V. Eychenne, Z. Mouloungui","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<424::AID-LIPI424>3.0.CO;2-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<424::AID-LIPI424>3.0.CO;2-8","url":null,"abstract":"An improved method for the production of monoglycerides (MO) by direct esterification of fatty acids with glycerol was developed. The reaction medium was composed of oleic acid (72% purity, OA), glycerol (Gly), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as catalyst, and emulsifying agent, as well as of a molecular sieve as drying agent. Partial esterification of glycerol by oleic acid is carried out in either a batch reactor and in a column filled with a molecular sieve according to a continuous process. In a discontinuous batch reactor, the OA/Gly/DBSA system gives 28% of 1-(3-)MO and strong proportions of di- and triesters. The addition of the 3A molecular sieve to this system makes it possible to increase the selectivity in 1-(3-)MO (47%). However, the reaction carried out in a column filled with a 3A molecular sieve produced a mixture containing 60% of 1-(3-)MO after deacidification and removal of the catalyst and shows the advantage of a continuous process. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Hohe Konzentration von 1-(3-)Monoglyceriden durch direkte partielle Veresterung von Fettsauren mit Glycerol.Es wird eine verbesserte Methode zur Herstellung von Monoglyceriden (MO) durch direkte Veresterung von Glycerol mit Fettsauren beschrieben. Der Reaktionsnahrboden bestand aus Olsaure (72% Reinheit, OA), Glycerol (Gly), Dodecylbenzol-Sulfonsaure (DBSA) als Katalysator und Emulgiermittel, sowie einem Molekularsieb als trocknendes Mittel. Die teilweise Veresterung von Glycerol durch die Olsaure wurde in einem Batch-Reaktor im diskontinuierlichen System sowie einem Saulenreaktor mit einem Molekularsieb im kontinuierlichen System durchgefuhrt. Im diskontinuierlich geschuttelten Reaktor erreicht das System OA/Gly/DBSA 28% von 1-(3-)MO, aber auch einen grosen Anteil von Di- und Triestern. Der Zusatz des Molekularsiebs 3A zu diesem System ermoglicht ein Verstarken der Selektivitat in 1-(3-)MO (47%). Die besten Ergebnisse werden erzielt, wenn die Reaktion in einer Saule mit Molekularsieb 3A durchgefuhrt wird. Die Mischung enthalt in diesem Fall 60% 1-(3-)MO nach Entsauerung und Ausscheidung des Katalysators, und dieses Verfahren hat zudem den Vorteil, ein kontinuierliches Verfahren zu sein.","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"17 1","pages":"424-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83886569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of Bulgarian nut oils","authors":"M. Zlatanov, S. Ivanov, K. Aitzetmüller","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<437::AID-LIPI437>3.0.CO;2-T","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<437::AID-LIPI437>3.0.CO;2-T","url":null,"abstract":"The phospholipid and fatty acid composition of three Bulgarian nut oils were investigated. Phospholipids were separated by Folch′s method and two-directional thin-layer chromatography. Their content was determined spectrophotometrically. Phospholipids were present at levels of 0.8% in almond oil, 2.8% in hazelnut oil, and 0.9% in walnut oil. Phosphatidylcholine (18—50%), phosphatidylinositol (18—45%), and phosphatidylethanolamine (8—16%) were found to be the major components. Small amounts of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylglycerols, lysophosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine were also detected. The fatty acid composition of glyceride oils and of the four main phospholipids, namely phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acids was identified by capillary gas chromatography of their methyl esters. The predominant fatty acid present in almond and hazelnut oils was linoleic (83.2% and 80.8%, respectively). Oleic acid (18.7%), linoleic acid (48.5%), and linolenic acid (15.8%) were the major components in walnut oil. Higher quantities of saturated fatty acids (27.8—81.2%) were found to be in the phospholipids than in the corresponding oils (9.5—16.7%).","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"12 1","pages":"437-439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74963437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of physical refining on selected minor components in vegetable oils","authors":"W. Greyt, M. Kellens, A. Huyghebaert","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<428::AID-LIPI428>3.0.CO;2-T","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<428::AID-LIPI428>3.0.CO;2-T","url":null,"abstract":"The final quality of vegetable oils is largely determined by the deodorization process. From an organoleptic point of view, oils should be light in color with a bland taste and a good cold and/or oxidative stability. Today, however, more and more attention is paid to the real nutritional quality. Oils should contain low trans fatty acid levels, low polymeric triglycerides, and secondary oxidation products and at the same time being rich in natural antioxidants. In order to comply to these new quality requirements, the deodorization technology has been modified substantially. Mathematical models were established describing the influence of different process parameters (time, temperature, steam, and pressure) on trans fatty acid formation, tocopherol stripping, and production of oxidized and polymeric triacylglycerides during physical refining of soybean oil. Trans fatty acid (TFA) formation was influenced only by time and temperature. No significant influence of pressure or sparging steam could be observed. Models expressing the relative degree of cis/trans-isomerization of linoleic (DI 18:2 ) and α-linolenic acid (DI 18:3 ) could be extra-polated to other oils and deodorizer designs. Tocopherol removal was mainly influenced by process temperature and sparging steam. Additionally, tocopherol retention seemed to be dependent on the deodorizer design (steam injection geometry and sparging steam distribution). During physical refining, oxidized and polymerized triacylglycerols were not significantly influenced by any of the investigated process parameters. Industrially, process conditions are adapted to minimize trans fatty acid formation and maximize tocopherol retention. These goals can be achieved in a so-called DUAL TEMP® deodorizer.","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"24 6","pages":"428-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72619993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortierella strains as source of microbial surface-active molecules","authors":"S. Bandyopadhyay, S. Chaudhuri, D. Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<439::AID-LIPI439>3.0.CO;2-L","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199911)101:11<439::AID-LIPI439>3.0.CO;2-L","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"7 1","pages":"439-442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74231249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic simulation of steam distillation in a fatty acid esterification","authors":"Olaf Jacobmeier, A. Mehrwald, Andreas Meier","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<370::AID-LIPI370>3.0.CO;2-C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<370::AID-LIPI370>3.0.CO;2-C","url":null,"abstract":"In esterification processes, the process step which determines the time taken and which has the greatest impact on cost is often not the esterification reaction, but the subsequent work-up of the reaction mixture. In the fatty acid esterification described steam distillation is used as one step in the work-up to remove the fatty alcohol employed in excess. To describe the steam distillation, a simulation model was used to define and optimize the essential determining factors. Comparison with empirical operational data showed that a simple equilibrium model is sufficiently accurate for describing the steam-distillation process in the production plant. Varying the parameters allowed economically optimal conditions to be established in terms of vapor mass flow rate, pressure, and temperature. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Dynamische Simulation von Wasserdampfdestillation im Veresterungsprozes bei Fettsauren. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Bei Veresterungsprozessen ist haufig nicht die Veresterungsreaktion, sondern die nachfolgende Aufarbeitung des Reaktionsgemischs der zeitbestimmende und damit kostendominante Verfahrensschritt. So kommt bei der beschriebenen Fettsaureveresterung der Aufarbeitungsschritt der Wasserdampfdestillation zur Abtrennung des im Uberschus eingesetzten Fettalkohols zum Einsatz. Zur Beschreibung der Wasserdampfdestillation wurde ein Simulationsmodell verwendet, mit dem die wesentlichen Einflusfaktoren bestimmt und optimiert wurden. Der Vergleich mit Betriebsmeswerten zeigte, das durch ein einfaches Gleichgewichtsmodell der Wasserdampfdestillationsprozes in der Produktionsanlage hinreichend genau beschrieben wird. Durch Parametervariation war es moglich, das wirtschaftliche Optimum bzgl. Dampfmengenstrom, Druck und Temperatur zu bestimmen.","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"93 1","pages":"370-378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76800579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical and molecular biological characterization of a lipase produced by the fungus Rhizopus delemar","authors":"M. Haas, D. Bailey, W. Baker, T. Berka, D. J. Cichowicz, Z. Derewenda, R. Genuario, R. Joerger, R. Klein, K. Scott, D. Woolf","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<364::AID-LIPI364>3.0.CO;2-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<364::AID-LIPI364>3.0.CO;2-0","url":null,"abstract":"The results of a comprehensive biochemical and molecular biological investigation of the lipase produced by the mycelial fungus Rhizopus delemar are described. This enzyme cleaves and synthesizes primary esters and related bonds, exhibits 1,3-positional selectivity in its actions on glycerides, and is a member of a family of enzymes that have been widely used in applied biocatalysis. Use of glycerol as main carbon source rather than glucose or lipid supported mycelial growth and lipase production. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity and characterized. Pure lipase was crystallized and its three-dimensional structure determined. The enzyme was found to adopt a configuration similar to those of other members of its homologous family. The structural data also indicated that lipases possess greater configurational mobility than had been previously appreciated. A complementary DNA clone was isolated that contained the full length lipase gene. The nucleic acid sequence of this cDNA indicated that it was initially synthesized as a preproenzyme, and allowed determination of the complete predicted amino acid sequence of the lipase, and its comparison to the sequences of related enzymes. Truncated forms of the cloned cDNA were produced that encoded either mature or prepro-lipase. These DNAs were introduced into a tightly regulated E. coli expression system, overcoming the toxicity of the enzyme while also allowing overproduction of lipase. Molecular modelling was employed to guide the rational mutagenesis of the enzyme, identifying sites within the substrate binding region that regulated substrate selectivity. Mutant lipases were generated with altered substrate specificities, creating novel enzymes and beginning the definition of structure-function relationships in the lipolytic enzymes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Biochemische und molekularbiologische Charakterisierung einer von dem Pilz Rhizopus delemar produzierten Lipase. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Die Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Untersuchung der biochemischen und molekularbiologischen Eigenschaften einer von dem Pilz Rhizopus delemar produzierten Lipase werden beschrieben. Dieses Enzym spaltet und synthetisiert primare Ester und verwandte Bindungen, zeigt 1,3-Positionsspezifitat gegenuber Glyceriden und gehort zur Familie von Enzymen, die breit in der angewandten Biokatalyse eingesetzt werden. Der Einsatz von Glycerin als Hauptkohlenstoffquelle anstelle von Glucose oder Lipiden unterstutzt das mycelare Wachstum und die Lipaseproduktion. Das Enzym wurde bis zur Homogenitat aufgereinigt und charakterisiert. Die reine Lipase wurde kristallisiert und die dreidimensionale Struktur bestimmt. Dies ergab, das das Enzym eine Konfiguration aufweist, die der anderer Mitglieder der homologen Familie entspricht. Die Strukturdaten deuten auch darauf hin, das die Lipase eine grosere konfigurative Mobilitat besitzt, als bisher angenommen wurde. Ein komplementarer DNA-Klon, der das komplette Lipase-Gen enthalt, wurde isoliert. Die Nukleinsauresequenz die","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"123 1","pages":"364-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73649623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiesel from minor vegetable oils like karanja oil and nahor oil","authors":"B. K. De, D. Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<404::AID-LIPI404>3.0.CO;2-K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<404::AID-LIPI404>3.0.CO;2-K","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated the scope of two minor vegetable oils, i.e. karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil and nahor (Mesua ferrea L., Guttiferae) oil, as raw material for biodiesel fuel. The distilled fatty acid methyl esters obtained from karanja oil and nahor oil have the following characteristics: cetane indices 56.2, 54.6; heat of combustion (kcal/mol) 8.26, 8.39; flash points (°C) 134, 142; cloud points (°C) 8.3, 6.1, respectively. All these properties of the distilled methyl esters reveal that karanja oil and nahor oil can be suitably used as cheap raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel.","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"3 1","pages":"404-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79718028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to calculate phase diagrams for microemulsions — a simple rule","authors":"D. Vollmer","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<379::AID-LIPI379>3.0.CO;2-D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<379::AID-LIPI379>3.0.CO;2-D","url":null,"abstract":"For nonionic microemulsions a simple rule is given to achieve a semiquantitative prediction of phase boundaries. In particular, we consider the phase boundaries between a single-phase microemulsion and a 2Φ-microemulsion (i.e. a microemulsion coexisting with a water- or an oilrich phase), as well as between a 2Φ-microemulsion and a 3Φ-microemulsion (i.e. a microemulsion coexisting with a water- and an oilrich phase). Our method treats weak and strong surfactants within a unified approach. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Wie man Phasendiagramme fur Mikroemulsionen berechnet — ein einfaches Gesetz. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Eine einfache Regel wird aufgezeigt, die eine semi-quantitative Vorhersage der Phasengrenzen nichtionischer Mikroemulsionen ermoglicht. Im Speziellen betrachten wir die Phasengrenze zwischen einer einphasigen und einer zweiphasigen Mikroemulsion, in der eine Mikroemulsionsphase mit einer wasser- oder einer olreichen Phase koexistiert, sowie den Ubergang zwischen einer zwei- und einer dreiphasigen Mikroemulsion, in der eine Mikroemulsionsphase mit einer wasser- und einer olreichen Phase koexistiert. Unser Ansatz ermoglicht eine einheitliche Beschreibung schwacher und starker Tenside.","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"31 1","pages":"379-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72604230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant activity of horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) grown in Lithuania","authors":"K. Weel, P. Venskutonis, A. Pukalskas, D. Gruzdienė, J. Linssen","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<395::AID-LIPI395>3.0.CO;2-L","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199910)101:10<395::AID-LIPI395>3.0.CO;2-L","url":null,"abstract":"Acetone extracts (AE), deodorised acetone extracts (DAE), and deodorised water extracts (DWE) from leaves of horehound (Marrubium vulgare L. ) were tested for their antioxidant activity in rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) oil at 80 °C. Well investigated antioxidants containing extracts (AE and DAE) of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) were used for comparison purposes. The effect of the extracts on the edible oil stability was assessed by measuring weight gain, peroxide value, and the UV absorption. The antioxidant activity of AE and DAE of horehound were comparable to the antioxidant activity of AE and DAE of sage. For both plants AE was shown to have better antioxidant properties than DAE. The volatile components of horehound were hydrodistilled and analysed by GC and GC/MS. Totally, 47 components were identified in the essential oil (EO), the main ones being (Z)- β-farnesene, βcaryophyllene, (E)-hex-2-enal, α-humulene, and germacrene D. Thirtynine constituents are reported in M. vulgare for the first time.","PeriodicalId":12304,"journal":{"name":"Fett-lipid","volume":"99 1","pages":"395-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80565317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}