Pain Medicine Case Reports最新文献

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Ganglion Impar Injection for Relief of Refractory Anorectal Pain in Multiple Sclerosis Patients 神经节阻滞注射液缓解多发性硬化症患者难治性肛肠疼痛
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.343
Thomas Ng, MD, Anjana Sekaran, Alopi Patel
{"title":"Ganglion Impar Injection for Relief of Refractory Anorectal Pain in Multiple Sclerosis Patients","authors":"Thomas Ng, MD, Anjana Sekaran, Alopi Patel","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.343","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pelvic, perineal, and anorectal pain can be common findings in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). These patients can develop bowel and bladder dysfunction with disease progression, as well as musculoskeletal component of their pain. The ganglion impar injection and radiofrequency ablation procedure are well-documented interventions to treat visceral pain arising from the pelvis as well as nociceptive pain from the anus and rectum. Case Report: We discuss the cases of two MS patients with significant disease progression who present with anorectal pain refractory to medical and surgical treatment. The ganglion impar block was offered to both of these patients with significant pain relief reported immediately and after several weeks. Conclusion: Ganglion impar block and radiofrequency ablation are safe and effective interventions for pelvic and perineal pain and can be beneficial for severe refractory anorectal pain in MS patients. Key words: Rectal pain, pelvic pain, perineal pain, Multiple Sclerosis, ganglion impar, interventional pain, radiofrequency ablation","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134100810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Treatment of Brachioradial Pruritus with Interlaminar Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection: A Case Report 颈椎板间硬膜外类固醇注射治疗肱桡瘙痒1例
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.297
A. Bhatt, Tyler Hyman, Sharmil Gohil
{"title":"Treatment of Brachioradial Pruritus with Interlaminar Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection: A Case Report","authors":"A. Bhatt, Tyler Hyman, Sharmil Gohil","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.297","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Brachioradial pruritus (BRP) is a neuropathic dysesthesia described as itching in the upper extremities. The pathophysiology of BRP has not yet been elucidated and is postulated to be multifactorial including spine pathology and sun exposure. CASE REPORT: In a case of BRP refractory to gabapentin and physical therapy with radiographic evidence of cervical spine and disc degenerative disease and a history of symptoms of compressive neuropathy, we performed an interlaminar cervical epidural steroid injection that resulted in resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSION: This case suggests a role for neuraxial steroids in the treatment of BRP and requires further investigation. KEY WORDS: Brachioradial pruritus, cervical epidural steroid injection, degenerative spine disease, neuropathic dysesthesia","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128965454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spinal Cord Stimulation of the Sacral Region as a Treatment for Intractable Coccygodynia: A Case Study 骶区脊髓刺激治疗顽固性尾骨痛:个案研究
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.319
Hannah W Haddad, Mohamed A. Elkersh, P. Hankey, A. Kaye
{"title":"Spinal Cord Stimulation of the Sacral Region as a Treatment for Intractable Coccygodynia: A Case Study","authors":"Hannah W Haddad, Mohamed A. Elkersh, P. Hankey, A. Kaye","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.319","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Coccygodynia is a notoriously difficult condition to manage. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) may be a promising therapeutic option for those suffering from chronic coccygeal pain. To our knowledge, there are limited reports of using SCS to target the sacral region for the treatment of intractable coccygodynia. CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old woman with refractory coccygodynia underwent permanent implantation of an SCS device following a successful SCS trial. SCS leads were inserted using a retrograde approach to target S2-S4 bilaterally. During follow-up, the patient reported > 90% improvement of coccygeal pain and her selfreported quality of life dramatically improved. CONCLUSION: This case report describes the successful use of the sacral region as a target for SCS in the management of intractable coccygodynia. SCS may be considered an effective treatment option when all other conventional methods have failed. KEY WORDS: Coccygodynia, neuromodulation, sacral nerve stimulation, spinal cord stimulation","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134269542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ultrasound-Guided Doxycycline Injection for Aseptic Olecranon Bursitis: Case Report 超声引导下强力霉素注射治疗无菌鹰嘴滑囊炎1例
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.301
Jordan Orr, M. Gharib
{"title":"Ultrasound-Guided Doxycycline Injection for Aseptic Olecranon Bursitis: Case Report","authors":"Jordan Orr, M. Gharib","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.301","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: This case report describes the use of ultrasound-guided doxycycline injection as sclerotherapy for the treatment of aseptic olecranon bursitis. CASE REPORT: Our patient presented with a several-week history of posterior elbow swelling and tenderness. The clinical picture was consistent with aseptic olecranon bursitis. Ultrasonography was used to visualize posterior elbow structures and provide needle guidance to aspirate the fluid within the olecranon bursa and inject a sclerosant, doxycycline. The patient’s recovery was uneventful, and the bursitis did not recur. CONCLUSION: There are no other case reports describing ultrasound-guided injection of a sclerosant for treatment of aseptic olecranon bursitis. Doxycycline is an effective and safe sclerosant that can be considered for the treatment of aseptic olecranon bursitis. KEY WORDS: Olecranon bursitis, doxycycline, sclerotherapy, ultrasonography, injections, elbow","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116160891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Retrospective Case Series of Difficult Percutaneous Dorsal Column Stimulator Epidural Lead Placement for Failed Back Surgery Syndrome 回顾性分析经皮硬膜外背柱刺激器硬膜外引线置入治疗背部手术失败综合征的困难病例系列
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.325
R. Baranello, Jeremy Walker, Christopher M. Sobey
{"title":"A Retrospective Case Series of Difficult Percutaneous Dorsal Column Stimulator Epidural Lead Placement for Failed Back Surgery Syndrome","authors":"R. Baranello, Jeremy Walker, Christopher M. Sobey","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.325","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Percutaneous dorsal column stimulator lead placement is a well-established procedure for a variety of neuropathic disease processes, including failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Although previous spine surgeries and patient-specific pathology can make lead placement difficult, there are very few studies or case reports documented in the literature describing these challenges and outcomes. CASE REPORT: A retrospective electronic medical record chart review was conducted of 6 patients with FBSS who failed more conservative interventional therapies and otherwise multimodal analgesia as deemed by both patient and practitioner. CONCLUSION: Postsurgical changes in the epidural space, including fibrosis and scar tissue formation, made driving leads very challenging and compromised final lead placement as well as number of leads placed. KEY WORDS: Neuromodulation, failed back surgery syndrome, dorsal column stimulation","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125574789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Improvement In Neuropathic Pain,Proprioception, And Gait Stability After Spinal Cord Stimulator Implantation For Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy 化疗诱导的周围神经病变脊髓刺激器植入后神经性疼痛、本体感觉和步态稳定性的改善
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.291
M. Kamdar, Lathan W. McCall, Ashley Saba, B. Wainger
{"title":"Improvement In Neuropathic Pain,Proprioception, And Gait Stability After Spinal Cord Stimulator Implantation For Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy","authors":"M. Kamdar, Lathan W. McCall, Ashley Saba, B. Wainger","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.291","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: We present a patient with gait instability and pain due to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) who experienced marked improvement in motor function, proprioception, and pain following placement of a spinal cord stimulator (SCS). CASE REPORT: A 62-year-old woman underwent placement of a permanent SCS after failing conservative therapy to manage her severe CIPN. Preoperatively, she reported significant gait instability in addition to her pain, typically suffering 10 falls per month. Postoperatively, she experienced a pronounced reduction in her pain level from 8 of 10 to 2 of 10 and in her number of falls from 10 to 0 per month. Furthermore, we formally assessed gait speed and function, Timed Up and Go (TUG) testing, postural control, and lower extremity function before and after SCS placement, and we found a profound improvement in all measurements. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with CIPN, SCS devices represent an increasingly viable treatment option. Our patient demonstrated significant improvements in not only pain, but also surprisingly in her motor function and gait stability with SCS therapy. This case highlights a potential additional benefit of neuromodulation in patients suffering from CIPN. KEY WORDS: Balance, cancer pain, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, gait speed, neuromodulation, neuropathic pain, paresthesia, proprioception, spinal cord stimulation","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132129784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Brachial Plexus Nerve Stimulation with a High Frequency Electromagnetic Coupled (HF-EMC) Powered Implanted Receiver to Treat Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Case Series 用高频电磁耦合(HF-EMC)供电的植入接收器刺激臂丛神经治疗复杂的局部疼痛综合征:一个病例系列
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.337
Matthias H. Wiederholz, T. Beacham, P. Satija, Mahendra R Sanapati, Niek Vanquathem
{"title":"Brachial Plexus Nerve Stimulation with a High Frequency Electromagnetic Coupled (HF-EMC) Powered Implanted Receiver to Treat Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Case Series","authors":"Matthias H. Wiederholz, T. Beacham, P. Satija, Mahendra R Sanapati, Niek Vanquathem","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.337","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) at the brachial plexus occurs after damage in the neck or upper anterior shoulder, causing pain, decreased sensation, and decreased range of motion in the shoulder and arm, as well as significantly impairing the quality of life. CASE REPORT: Seven patients with CRPS were implanted with an externally powered peripheral nerve stimulation system at the brachial plexus and followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months. Pain, visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), The European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D), and medication intake were analyzed. All assessed parameters improved from baseline to the last follow-up: VAS for pain (8.07 to 1.37 at 12 months [n = 4]-), EQ-5D (55.85 to 75.57), median PGIC was 7/7 (current scores, 6 months n = 3, 12 months n = 4); medication intake also improved. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous placement of an externally powered neurostimulation device at the brachial plexus is a minimally invasive method of pain control. KEY WORDS: Externally powered, high frequency, peripheral nerve stimulation, brachial plexus neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117337201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Treatment of Intracranial Hypertension-Related Headache Causing Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Requiring Epidural Blood Patch 硬膜外贴片治疗颅内高压相关性头痛所致低脑脊液压
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.305
Austin J. Eells, Philip M. Shumsky, J. Freeman, C. Wie, A. Abd-Elsayed, N. Strand
{"title":"Treatment of Intracranial Hypertension-Related Headache Causing Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Requiring Epidural Blood Patch","authors":"Austin J. Eells, Philip M. Shumsky, J. Freeman, C. Wie, A. Abd-Elsayed, N. Strand","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.305","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Patients can have a lumbar puncture for numerous reasons, including therapeutic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Aggressive CSF drainage to alleviate the IIH headache can inadvertently cause a low-pressure postdural puncture headache (PDPH). CASE REPORT: We report the novel case of a patient with an IIH headache, which was treated with CSF drainage resulting in a PDPH and subsequent return of the IIH headache. Physical examination findings of papilledema and the nonpositional character after the epidural blood patch (EBP), and improvement of symptoms with topiramate and dexamethasone, show that IIH was the likely cause of her post-EBP headaches. CONCLUSIONS: The best-case scenario is to prevent severe cases of PDPH in this patient population. The authors recommend targeting intracranial pressure (ICP) after the treatment of IIH to the high-normal range to prevent PDPH. If IIH headache symptoms arise after EBP, conservative measures to reduce ICP can be utilized, such as acetazolamide, topiramate, and dexamethasone. KEY WORDS: Epidural blood patch, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, lumbar puncture, postdural puncture headache","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124076613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Treatment of Anconeus Epitrochlearis- Induced Cubital Tunnel Syndrome With Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection 超声引导下水解剖治疗上睑下垂所致肘管综合征
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.313
George C. Chang Chien, A. Marcolina, J. D. de Castro
{"title":"Treatment of Anconeus Epitrochlearis- Induced Cubital Tunnel Syndrome With Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection","authors":"George C. Chang Chien, A. Marcolina, J. D. de Castro","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.313","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common cause of peripheral nerve entrapment in the upper extremity, trailing only carpal tunnel neuropathy. While the roof of the cubital tunnel is most often formed by Osborne’s ligament, the anomalous, evolutionary remnant muscle, the anconeus epitrochlearis, has been previously identified as a potential cause of cubital tunnel syndrome. CASE REPORT: A 45-year-old female physical education coach noted bilateral upper extremity pain, numbness, paresthesias, and early onset exercise fatigue originating at the medial elbow and radiating down the ulnar nerve distribution. Sonographic evaluation showed evidence of a hypertrophic anconeus epitrochlearis in the right upper extremity causing compression of an enlarged, bifid ulnar nerve. The patient was treated with 3 separate ultrasound-guided hydrodissection injections, which resulted in complete resolution of her symptoms and a decrease in the ulnar nerve cross-sectional area on sonographic evaluation at 24-week follow-up. CONCLUSION: A hypertrophic anconeus epitrochlearis can cause cubital tunnel syndrome and ultrasound-guided hydrodissection is a potentially efficacious surgery-sparing treatment option. KEY WORDS: Cubital tunnel syndrome, hydrodissection, ulnar neuralgia, ultrasound","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133640909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lumbar Radiofrequency Ablation Cannula and Probe Complications: Source for Potential Foreign Body 腰椎射频消融套管及探头并发症:潜在异物的来源
Pain Medicine Case Reports Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.309
Karthik Dwarki, N. Patel, Ashish Malik
{"title":"Lumbar Radiofrequency Ablation Cannula and Probe Complications: Source for Potential Foreign Body","authors":"Karthik Dwarki, N. Patel, Ashish Malik","doi":"10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2021.5.309","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation is a common approach for treating axial low back pain stemming from facet arthropathy. Many well-published complications have been addressed in the literature. This case demonstrates a hardware malfunction and underscores the importance of vigilance toward protocols to maintain radiofrequency probes during sterilization and reuse. CASE REPORT: In our case, the patient underwent a successful bilateral 2-level neurotomy. At the completion of the procedure, we removed all instruments and found that the probe was no longer attached to the connector. Multiple postprocedure x-rays were negative for a foreign body; the probe was later found in the cannula intact. This case report illustrates a rare potential complication for foreign body retention in an outpatient setting. CONCLUSION: Appropriate maintenance and handling of reusable probes during sterilization and use must be exercised. Alternatives include the use of disposable probes and connector cables. KEY WORDS: Radiofrequency ablation, foreign body, probe","PeriodicalId":122753,"journal":{"name":"Pain Medicine Case Reports","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133124043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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