Fire Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the potential fire tolerance of conifer saplings in cold and wet environments using a pyro-ecophysiology approach.","authors":"Alexander S Blanco, David R Wilson, Scott W Rainsford, Grant L Harley, Roshan P Bhatta, Corbin W Halsey, Gabriella M Eldridge, Daisy P Estrada Garza, L May Brown, Madeleine F Stanley, Jeffrey A Logan, Aaron M Sparks, Henry D Adams, Daniel M Johnson, Andrew T Hudak, Li Huang, Alistair M S Smith","doi":"10.1186/s42408-025-00443-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42408-025-00443-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Climate change is expected to alter fire return intervals in cold and wet forests in the northwestern United States. This coupled with an expected rise in prescribed fires to restore healthy forests, disproportionately increases risk to saplings of tree species adapted to colder and wetter environments that have low fire resistance. To assess this potential impact, we evaluated the impacts of increasing fire intensity on <i>Picea engelmannii</i> and <i>Thuja plicata</i> sapling physiology, morphology, and mortality. This was achieved using established pyro-ecophysiology experiments where saplings were subjected to controlled surface fires across a range of fire intensities and post-fire growth, physiology and mortality were assessed up to 7 months post-fire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study we demonstrate that the probability of mortality in the saplings of these two conifer species displays a sigmoidal increase with increasing fire intensity. At fire radiative energy dosage levels < 0.6 MJ m^-2, the observed mortality in both species was lower than predicted by existing crown scorch-based models due to their limited sensitivity at small diameters. Prior to sapling death, chlorophyll fluorescence transiently recovers before a rapid decline, though the timing varies by species and fire intensity dosage. A new general sapling mortality model derived from 7 conifer species is presented.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results provide predictive tools that managers could use to make informed decisions on the potential impacts of fires on conifer saplings growing in cold and wet environments. Results from both species suggest that chlorophyll fluorescence temporal trends could serve as a potential early warning indicator of fire-induced tree mortality, however, future work should explore whether similar responses are observable using remote sensing data from solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and assess potential mechanisms underlying this signal. The general sapling mortality model presented in this paper appears to provide an improved method of predicting conifer sapling mortality over existing approaches, however, research is needed to develop coefficients to adjust the model with tree age and environmental factors. Further studies could also explore whether phenotypic plasticity is driving observed tree responses to fire from plants grown from similar environments.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42408-025-00443-7.</p>","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"22 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12894159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146200600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing early post-wildfire vegetation and implications for invasive plant management in the interior of British Columbia, Canada.","authors":"Virginia V Oeggerli, Tara G Martin, Suzanne W Simard, Jennifer Grenz","doi":"10.1186/s42408-026-00463-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-026-00463-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Wildfire activity is increasingly characterized by larger fire events and a greater prevalence of high-severity burns, driven by climate change, land-use change, and prolonged fire suppression. These shifts are altering post-fire vegetation dynamics, yet uncertainty remains regarding how early post-fire plant responses vary with burn severity and pre-fire occurrence of invasive plants under contemporary fire conditions. Given limited capacity for post-fire monitoring and restoration across increasingly large fire-affected landscapes, identifying factors associated with early post-fire vegetation responses is critical for prioritizing surveillance and supporting invasive plant management through early detection and rapid response (EDRR) programs. The 46,000 ha McKay Creek Wildfire in interior British Columbia, Canada, provided an opportunity to examine how burn severity, topography, and pre-fire occurrence of invasive plants (based on mapped infestation extent) influence early post-fire vegetation composition across diverse ecosystems. We predicted that both high burn severity and pre-fire occurrence of invasive plants would be associated with increased non-native plant cover following wildfire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vegetation cover was recorded by species and grouped by native status (native or non-native), and life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), on 80 plots stratified by burn severity and pre-fire occurrence of invasive plants. Two years post-fire, vegetation cover was dominated by bare ground across all plots, while native plant cover exceeded non-native cover under all conditions. At the broad status-group level (native vs. non-native), post-fire vegetation cover did not differ meaningfully across burn severity classes or between areas with and without documented pre-fire occurrence of invasive plants. Instead, elevation was the strongest driver of early post-fire vegetation patterns, with native cover increasing and non-native cover and bare ground decreasing at higher elevations. When vegetation was disaggregated by status and life cycle, non-native annual cover was higher in high-severity burns and at lower elevations, and non-native perennial cover increased with elevation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>At a time when wildfires are increasing in size, frequency, and intensity, and resources for recovery are limited, this study provides region-specific insights to support prioritization of early post-fire restoration activities such as monitoring, prevention and management of invasive plants, and planting of native species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"22 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13076409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147689172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightning ignition efficiency in Canadian forests.","authors":"Sean C P Coogan, Alex J Cannon, Mike D Flannigan","doi":"10.1186/s42408-025-00376-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42408-025-00376-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lightning-caused fires have a driving influence on Canadian forests, being responsible for approximately half of all wildfires and 90% of the area burned. We created a climatology (2000-2020) of daily lightning efficiency (i.e., the ratio of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes to lightning-caused wildfires that occurred) over the meteorological summer for four ecozones and a subset of British Columbia (BC) ecoprovinces. We estimated lightning efficiency using data from the Canadian Lightning Detection Network and the Canadian National Fire Database. We used the ERA5 reanalysis as inputs for fuel moisture variables (i.e., Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Duff Moisture Code (DMC), and Drought Code (DC)) from the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System, as well as variables relating to the amount of precipitation and lightning flashes. We examined relationships between lightning efficiency, day-of-year, and the above variables using a combination of linear models, Spearman's correlations, and Random Forest (RF) regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lightning efficiency increased non-linearly (i.e., quadratic) over the summer in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone, and decreased linearly in the Boreal Plains and Boreal Shield West. Lightning efficiency in the Boreal Shield East showed a slight decline over the summer; however, this model was not significant. DMC and DC were more strongly correlated with lightning efficiency than FFMC in most zones. We ran RF regression both with and without DC (because of multicollinearity with day-of-year), and day-of-year, DMC, and DC (when present) were the most important variables for all ecozones, while results were more variable for the ecoprovinces.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lightning efficiency, and, thus, the probability of a lightning strike igniting a wildfire, changes over the summer and varies by region. Therefore, models predicting lightning-caused fire occurrence, or other similar applications involving lightning ignition, may benefit by accounting for seasonal lightning efficiency in addition to the traditional fuel moisture variables. Our work is generally consistent with findings from more localized studies relating to lightning-caused fires.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42408-025-00376-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"21 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12104117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144157632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing wildfire frequency decreases carbon storage and leads to regeneration failure in Alaskan boreal forests.","authors":"Xanthe J Walker, Michelle C Mack, Betsy Black, Jacqueline Dean, Lauren F Kemper, Stefano Potter, Brendan M Rogers, Charles M Truettner","doi":"10.1186/s42408-025-00390-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42408-025-00390-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing size, severity, and frequency of wildfires is one of the most rapid ways climate warming could alter the structure and function of high-latitude ecosystems. Historically, boreal forests in western North America had fire return intervals (FRI) of 70-130 years, but shortened FRIs are becoming increasingly common under extreme weather conditions. Here, we quantified pre-fire and post-fire C pools and C losses and assessed post-fire seedling regeneration in long (> 70 years), intermediate (30-70 years), and short (< 30 years) FRIs, and triple (three fires in < 70 years) burns. As boreal forests store a significant portion of the global terrestrial carbon (C) pool, understanding the impacts of shortened FRIs on these ecosystems is critical for predicting the global C balance and feedbacks to climate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using a spatially extensive dataset of 555 plots from 31 separate fires in Interior Alaska, our study demonstrates that shortened FRIs decrease the C storage capacity of boreal forests through loss of legacy C and regeneration failure. Total wildfire C emissions were similar among FRI classes, ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 kg C m^-2. However, shortened FRIs lost proportionally more of their pre-fire C pools, resulting in substantially lower post-fire C pools than long FRIs. Shortened FRIs also resulted in the combustion of legacy C, defined as C that escaped combustion in one or more previous fires. We found that post-fire successional trajectories were impacted by FRI, with ~ 65% of short FRIs and triple burns experiencing regeneration failure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study highlights the structural and functional vulnerability of boreal forests to increasing fire frequency. Shortened FRIs and the combustion of legacy C can shift boreal ecosystems from a net C sink or neutral to a net C source to the atmosphere and increase the risk of transitions to non-forested states. These changes could have profound implications for the boreal C-climate feedback and underscore the need for adaptive management strategies that prioritize the structural and functional resilience of boreal forest ecosystems to expected increases in fire frequency.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42408-025-00390-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"21 1","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12511247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145279380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A post-fire reforestation assessment and prioritization tool for the Western United States.","authors":"Zachary A Holden, Ellen Jungck, Kimberley T Davis, Dyer A Warren, Alan Swanson, Solomon Z Dobrowski, Marco Maneta, Kyle C Rodman, Lewis Faller, Vince Archer","doi":"10.1186/s42408-025-00405-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42408-025-00405-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Increasing wildfire area burned has left millions of hectares in the western United States (US) in need of reforestation. Recent federal legislation allows for increased investments in tree planting to address the backlog of planting needs in previously burned areas. To support post-fire planning and assessment, we developed Regenmapper, a web-based decision support system (DSS) that provides spatial information on natural regeneration potential within post-fire environments. The program is freely available from a web browser (https://alpheus.dbs.umt.edu/regenmapper) and is designed to function across all land ownership categories for the 11 western States.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regenmapper allows users to select historical wildfires or upload their own burn severity maps for recent fires. Within the burned area, it then predicts the potential for natural regeneration based on distance to mature live trees (seed sources) and hydroclimatic conditions. To this end, we developed 30-m resolution soil water balance and surface temperature models with corresponding projections for the 2050 period based on scenarios from the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). These data are used to estimate the probability of natural seedling regeneration based on historical or future biophysical conditions, respectively, and species-specific climatic tolerances. We also implement a simple planting prioritization algorithm based on distance to roads and the relative effects of dispersal and climatic limitations to rapidly identify accessible sites that are unlikely to reforest naturally. For US Forest Service managers, we develop an additional prioritization matrix based on fire severity, the probability of natural regeneration, and where federal law mandates reforestation when fires burn through recently harvested areas. Finally, we demonstrate model outputs in a case study approach through the 2017 Lolo Peak fire in Montana, US.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Investments in tree planting will influence the extent and trajectory of future forests, but drought, climate change, and wildfires may challenge the ability of managers to re-establish forests over upcoming decades. DSS's like Regenmapper will benefit the planning and execution of tree planting efforts by reducing time required to conduct post-fire assessments and improving planting outcomes.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42408-025-00405-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"21 1","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12698830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145755613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and spatial pattern analysis of escaped prescribed fires in California from 1991 to 2020.","authors":"Shu Li, Janine A Baijnath-Rodino, Robert A York, Lenya N Quinn-Davidson, Tirtha Banerjee","doi":"10.1186/s42408-024-00342-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42408-024-00342-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prescribed fires play a critical role in reducing the intensity and severity of future wildfires by systematically and widely consuming accumulated vegetation fuel. While the current probability of prescribed fire escape in the United States stands very low, their consequential impact, particularly the large wildfires they cause, raises substantial concerns. The most direct way of understanding this trade-off between wildfire risk reduction and prescribed fire escapes is to explore patterns in the historical prescribed fire records. This study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns of escaped prescribed fires in California from 1991 to 2020, offering insights for resource managers in developing effective forest management and fuel treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results reveal that the months close to the beginning and end of the wildfire season, namely May, June, September, and November, have the highest frequency of escaped fires. Under similar environmental conditions, areas with more records of prescribed fire implementation tend to experience fewer escapes. The findings revealed the vegetation types most susceptible to escaped prescribed fires. Areas with tree cover ranging from 20 to 60% exhibited the highest incidence of escapes compared to shrubs and grasslands. Among all the environmental conditions analyzed, wind speed stands out as the predominant factor that affects the risk of prescribed fire escaping.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings mark an initial step in identifying high-risk areas and periods for prescribed fire escapes. Understanding these patterns and the challenges of quantifying escape rates can inform more effective landscape management practices.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42408-024-00342-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"21 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11717834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142970075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wildfire risk perception survey: insights from local communities in Tuscany, Italy.","authors":"Silvia Calvani, Riccardo Paoloni, Cristiano Foderi, Niccolò Frassinelli, Judith A Kirschner, Alessio Menini, Glenda Galeotti, Francesco Neri, Enrico Marchi","doi":"10.1186/s42408-025-00380-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42408-025-00380-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Wildfire is a complex chemical, physical, and sociological phenomenon deeply rooted in the historical relationship between humans and fire. Today the wildfire risk is one of the human challenges. Effective management requires collaboration among multiple stakeholders across different levels. The risk perception and vulnerability at the local community level explain why and how individuals consider certain policies or mitigation behaviors. Thus, wildfire risk fits within the framework of socio-ecological systems.This study focused on four fire-prone areas in Tuscany, Italy, aiming to explore local wildfire risk perception. Risk perception is a social parameter, derived from media habits, memory, history, concerns, and beliefs. Two different surveys were used to consult two groups: experts (e.g., wildfire technicians, policymakers, business activities, and rural associations) and non-experts (e.g., random residents, students, and tourists), then compared to investigate possible gaps. Several questions were asked regarding demographics, relationship with the territory, current management system, relationship with fire and media, risk perception, and others.Results were compared according to the critical area or the type of respondents, and several analyses were conducted to identify weaknesses, strengths, and areas for improvement to raise awareness and lower the risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed differences in perception, more between the two groups than across locations, highlighting gaps that need to be addressed. A general underestimation of risk, with an overall optimism, was found in the non-expert group, indicating the need for further qualitative research to understand these aspects better. The interviews suggest public action as the main component to implement change.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The paradigm shift toward prevention represents a core change and challenge. An exchange between scientific and local knowledge is desirable to address many gaps. We propose awareness raising as a possible starting point and to encourage collective actions in line with suggestions from the interviewees. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of response patterns can inform policy adjustments and resource allocation to enhance resilience and response effectiveness in future emergencies. Further research could aim to develop tools to promote a culture of fire and risk and deepen the analysis of risk perception in the most critical areas.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42408-025-00380-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"21 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12181119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of fire mosaics on mammal occurrence in north-western Australia","authors":"Harry A. Moore, Lesley A. Gibson, Dale G. Nimmo","doi":"10.1186/s42408-024-00317-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00317-4","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the relationship between fire and species habitat preferences is critical in an era of rapid environmental change. In northern Australia, large, intense, and frequent fires are thought to be a primary cause of mammal population declines, particularly through their influence on habitat suitability. Here, we used a large species presence database in combination with satellite-derived fire history data to assess the influence of fire attributes, including burn extent, frequency, and pyrodiversity, on the likelihood of occurrence of eight mammal species in north-west Western Australia. The likelihood of occurrence declined for some species with an increasing proportion of recently burnt habitat and increased for most species with an increasing proportion of long unburnt habitat. The occurrence of six species was negatively correlated with increasing fire frequency, while the occurrence of four species was positively correlated with increasing pyrodiversity. Our results indicate that fire likely plays an important role in influencing mammal occurrence in the Pilbara and support previous research indicating that frequent large-scale burns have a mostly negative impact on small to medium-sized mammals in northern Australia. To improve mammal habitat suitability, land managers should aim to reduce the extent of large late dry season burns and increase the availability of mature spinifex grasslands.","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-lightweight convolution-transformer network for early fire smoke detection","authors":"Shubhangi Chaturvedi, Chandravanshi Shubham Arun, Poornima Singh Thakur, Pritee Khanna, Aparajita Ojha","doi":"10.1186/s42408-024-00304-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00304-9","url":null,"abstract":"Forests are invaluable resources, and fire is a natural process that is considered an integral part of the forest ecosystem. Although fire offers several ecological benefits, its frequent occurrence in different parts of the world has raised concerns in the recent past. Covering millions of hectares of forest land, these fire incidents have resulted in the loss of human lives, wild habitats, civil infrastructure, and severe damage to the environment. Around 90% of wildland fires have been caused by humans intentionally or unintentionally. Early detection of fire close to human settlements and wildlife centuries can help mitigate fire hazards. Numerous artificial intelligence-based solutions have been proposed in the past decade that prioritize the detection of fire smoke, as it can be caught through remote sensing and provide an early sign of wildland fire. However, most of these methods are either computationally intensive or suffer from a high false alarm rate. In this paper, a lightweight deep neural network model is proposed for fire smoke detection in images captured by satellites or other remote sensing sources. With only 0.6 million parameters and 0.4 billion floating point operations per second, the hybrid network of convolutional and vision transformer blocks efficiently detects smoke in normal and foggy environmental conditions. It outperforms seven state-of-the-art methods on four datasets, including a self-collected dataset from the “Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer” satellite imagery. The model achieves an accuracy of more than 99% on three datasets and 93.90% on the fourth dataset. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding of extracted features by the proposed model demonstrates its superior feature learning capabilities. It is remarkable that even a tiny occurrence of smoke covering just 2% of the satellite image area is efficiently detected by the model. With low memory and computational demands, the proposed model works exceedingly well, making it suitable for deployment in resource constrained devices for forest surveillance and early fire smoke detection.","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest structural complexity and ignition pattern influence simulated prescribed fire effects","authors":"Sophie R. Bonner, Chad M. Hoffman, Rodman R. Linn, Wade T. Tinkham, Adam L. Atchley, Carolyn H. Sieg, J. Morgan Varner, Joseph J. O’Brien, J. Kevin Hiers","doi":"10.1186/s42408-024-00314-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00314-7","url":null,"abstract":"Forest structural characteristics, the burning environment, and the choice of ignition pattern each influence prescribed fire behaviors and resulting fire effects; however, few studies examine the influences and interactions of these factors. Understanding how interactions among these drivers can influence prescribed fire behavior and effects is crucial for executing prescribed fires that can safely and effectively meet management objectives. To analyze the interactions between the fuels complex and ignition patterns, we used FIRETEC, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics fire behavior model, to simulate fire behavior and effects across a range of horizontal and vertical forest structural complexities. For each forest structure, we then simulated three different prescribed fires each with a unique ignition pattern: strip-head, dot, and alternating dot. Forest structural complexity and ignition pattern affected the proportions of simulated crown scorch, consumption, and damage for prescribed fires in a dry, fire-prone ecosystem. Prescribed fires in forests with complex canopy structures resulted in increased crown consumption, scorch, and damage compared to less spatially complex forests. The choice of using a strip-head ignition pattern over either a dot or alternating-dot pattern increased the degree of crown foliage scorched and damaged, though did not affect the proportion of crown consumed. We found no evidence of an interaction between forest structural complexity and ignition pattern on canopy fuel consumption, scorch, or damage. We found that forest structure and ignition pattern, two powerful drivers of fire behavior that forest managers can readily account for or even manipulate, can be leveraged to influence fire behavior and the resultant fire effects of prescribed fire. These simulation findings have critical implications for how managers can plan and perform forest thinning and prescribed burn treatments to meet risk management or ecological objectives.","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}