{"title":"What value do NMDA receptor antagonist models of schizophrenia have for novel drug discovery?","authors":"Albert Adell","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2562017","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2562017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine can induce schizophrenic features in healthy volunteers and exacerbate the symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Furthermore, the administration of NMDA receptor antagonists to rodents produces hyperlocomotion. The ability of drugs to attenuate this hyperlocomotion correlates with clinical efficacy on positive symptoms. Similarly, social withdrawal is taken as a surrogate of unsociability in schizophrenia. Furthermore, first episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia can be modeled by acute and subchronic administration of NMDA receptor blockers, respectively. Therefore, the NMDA hypofunction model provides a powerful tool to develop new therapeutic strategies in drug discovery to treat schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This perspective describes the similitudes between schizophrenia in humans and the traits demonstrated by rodent models based upon the hypofunction of NMDA receptors. Comparisons are made in terms of behavioral, neurochemical, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies. Different therapeutic responses are also discussed.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Both schizophrenic patients and developed rodent models exhibit many similitudes such as decreased expression of NMDA receptors, enhanced dopaminergic and serotonergic transmission as well as altered gamma oscillations and deficits in cognitive paradigms. The NMDA receptor antagonism model can thus represent an excellent strategy to study the neurobiological underpinnings of schizophrenia and the potential therapeutic role of new antipsychotic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145069397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Naomi Bolz, Philipp Schake, Celina Stitz, Michael Schroeder
{"title":"The structural basis of drugs targeting protein-protein interactions uncovered with the protein-ligand interaction profiler PLIP.","authors":"Sarah Naomi Bolz, Philipp Schake, Celina Stitz, Michael Schroeder","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2557599","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2557599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Promiscuity of drugs and targets plays an important role in drug-target prediction, ranging from the explanation of side effects to their exploitation in drug repositioning. A specific form of promiscuity concerns drugs, which interfere with protein-protein interactions. With the rising importance of such drugs in drug discovery and with the large-scale availability of structural data, the question arises on the structural basis of this form of promiscuity and the commonalities of the underlying protein-ligand (PLI) and protein-protein interactions (PPI).</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>The authors applied the protein-ligand interaction profiler, PLIP, to experimental and predicted structures and characterize drugs in clinical trials, which target PPI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PPIs generally involve more non-covalent interactions than PLI with overlapping interaction patterns and key binding site residues. In contrast to experimental structures, predicted structures fall short in accurately capturing interaction details at the interface.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Taken together, our analysis shows that PPIs and PLIs have sufficient commonalities to merit future work into computational screenings for drugs targeting PPIs. It will be key to further improve structure prediction, specifically for binding site details.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alberto Marbán-González, Verónica Ramírez-Cid, Alejandro Cristóbal-Ramírez, José L Medina-Franco
{"title":"Exploiting PubChem and other public databases for virtual screening in 2025: what are the latest trends?","authors":"Alberto Marbán-González, Verónica Ramírez-Cid, Alejandro Cristóbal-Ramírez, José L Medina-Franco","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2558161","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2558161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cheminformatics has become a cornerstone of modern drug discovery, offering the ability to efficiently manage and analyze large volumes of chemical and biological data. Publicly available databases such as PubChem, ZINC, ChEMBL, DrugBank, ChemDiv, natural product databases, among others, are essential for accessing diverse chemical structures, biological activities, and pharmacological properties.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review provides an overview of recent (2024-2025) trends in mining data from PubChem and other representative public databases for virtual screening. It also discusses the integration of experimental validation and computational tools in drug design and cheminformatics workflows. The article is based on literature retrieved from SciFinder.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Public chemical databases contain thousands to billions of compounds and various computational strategies have necessitated development to navigate this vast chemical space effectively. These include application programming interfaces, similarity searches, physicochemical filtering, and target-based selection. Such filtering strategies have enabled the extraction of focused compound subsets for evaluation through various cheminformatics tools, ultimately supporting informed decision-making in lead discovery and optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding the role of short- and long-range intermolecular interactions in novel computational drug discovery.","authors":"Samuel S Cho, A Salam","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2555271","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2555271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Understanding the interactions between functional groups, ligands, molecular fragments, and whole molecules is critical in modern drug discovery. Key to this endeavor is the theoretical development of the fundamental inter-particle forces at play and their implementation in numerous software packages that allow the calculation of interaction energies at varying levels of theory ranging from the entirely classical at one extreme to the fully quantum mechanical at the other.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>In this review, the authors consider the concept of an intermolecular potential energy function and its separation into short- and long-range regions. This is followed by a summary of the perturbation theory calculation of the electrostatic, induction, and dispersion energy shifts by expanding the charge distribution in terms of source multipole moments. Next, the authors outline the construction of a typical molecular force field and its parameterization; they also discuss the fundamental background of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, their implementation in several well-known software packages and their deployment in modern computational drug discovery, including recent work with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques. Papers cited by SSC were the result of a literature search conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar during Jan-July 2025 as well as from the authors' personal literature stock.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>While the underlying quantum mechanical theory of intermolecular forces is well-known, their accurate and reliable calculation for an ever-growing variety of increasingly complex systems mirrors the advances in computational hardware on which such simulations are performed. Coupled with emerging machine learning techniques, this allows for the rapid and efficient computer-aided discovery of potential new drug candidates, in the process revolutionizing research and development in both academia and industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144948307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgios D Panos, Gordon N Dutton, Theodoros Empeslidis, Anastasios-Georgios Konstas
{"title":"<i>In silico</i> trials in ocular drug development: a new frontier in ophthalmology.","authors":"Georgios D Panos, Gordon N Dutton, Theodoros Empeslidis, Anastasios-Georgios Konstas","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2556863","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2556863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In silico trials represent an unprecedented opportunity for ocular drug development. These trials not only promise significant reductions in costs and development timelines but also meaningful improvements in both patient safety and compliance.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This critical perspective gives discussion to the value of in silico trials for novel ocular drug discovery and development. Discussion includes the potential that these trials hold and the challenges that need to be addressed.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The ophthalmic community stands at a critical juncture, where transitioning from traditional drug development paradigms to more integrative approaches, including computational methods, may profoundly reshape clinical practice. Nevertheless, there a several important limitations that must be overcome; these limitations include dependency on the quality and completeness of input data, accounting for complex biological systems, particularly in ophthalmology, and the variability in patient responses due to genetic, environmental, or lifestyle factors. The issue of silico model validation is also important, especially where the extensive real-world clinical data is not available for comparison. Another important concern is the limited regulatory acceptance of in silico trials to date while standardized guidelines and validation frameworks are still in development. All these issues will need to be addressed for future meaningful progression in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Animal models of psoriasis for novel drug discovery: a literature update.","authors":"Zih-Chan Lin, Shih-Chun Yang, Thi Thu Phuong Tran, Jia-You Fang","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2528959","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2528959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder with a multifactorial pathogenesis involving keratinocyte proliferation, dysregulated immune responses, and vascular remodeling. The development of effective therapeutics mainly relies on preclinical models that can reproduce disease-relevant mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review outlines current in vivo psoriasis models, including spontaneous mutation models, transgenic and knockout mice, xenotransplantation systems, and cytokine-induced and imiquimod-induced models. Each model is evaluated for its ability to replicate key histological and immunological features of human psoriasis, such as acanthosis, immune cell infiltration, and cytokine network activation. The utility of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in generating targeted models is also discussed, thus highlighting its potential use for mechanistic studies. Finally, this review also emphasizes the limitations in translational applicability and the need for multimodel validation strategies regarding psoriasis. This article was based on a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, covering publications from January 2015 to March 2025.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Despite extensive model development, no single system fully mimics human psoriatic disease. The imiquimod-induced model remains widely used due to its practicality, although it better reflects acute inflammation compared with chronic pathology. The combination of complementary models and the incorporation of human-derived tissues or immune components may improve translational relevance. Advances in genome editing and humanized systems are likely to shape the future of psoriasis research and therapeutic discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1193-1208"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding the structure of measles virus and its implications for novel drug discovery.","authors":"Liuan Chen, Shunsuke Kita, Hideo Fukuhara, Katsumi Maenaka","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2546888","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2546888","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite having a stably effectively vaccine for decades, the Measles virus (MV) still causes periodic outbreaks given its highly contagious nature and a consistent decline in immunization coverage, which was further exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to reduced immunization rates. Equally concerning, there are also no approved treatments for measles.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Herein, the authors explore the current challenges of MV therapy discovery. Firstly, the article will provide an overview of the potential drug-targeted steps in the MV infection process, followed by discussion on the characteristics of existing drugs as well as the feasibility of structure-based drug discovery. Finally, the authors highlight the current progress in the field and the future opportunities for antiviral development. This article is based on a literature review including original publications, standard sources, the Protein Data Bank and clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>First and foremost, a comprehensive structural analysis of neutralizing antibodies and RdRp inhibitors is required for efficient antiviral development. Moreover, the therapeutic prospects and current limitations for acute MV and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) treatments should be considered. Due to various factors including mutations, the development of broad-spectrum antivirals may minimize many of the existing barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1131-1140"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144872127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tackling the issue of confined chemical space with AI-based de novo drug design and molecular optimization.","authors":"Alan Talevi, Lucas N Alberca, Carolina L Bellera","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2555275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2025.2555275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The search for molecular novelty frequently collides with the fact that drug candidates with the best translational prospects are confined to - or concentrated in - defined regions of chemical space. The new possibilities of AI, particularly retrosynthesis prediction and generative AI, allow for the automated or semi-automated exploration of less restricted and unexplored areas of chemical space.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The notion of novelty in drug discovery is discussed, and representative examples of AI-guided de novo drug design, optimization, and retrosynthesis prediction are presented, with a focus on reports on open-source tools published in the last 3 years (2022-2025). Scopus was used to search relevant literature.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Modern deep learning architectures have been adapted for the de novo design and molecular optimization. These technologies, and especially those based on conditional generation, will possibly have a great impact on expanding the regions of chemical space that are exploited therapeutically. However, there are some persistent challenges in the field that are gradually being addressed, including how to assess the synthetic accessibility of designed molecules without compromising the generation of structural novelty; the need to increase the availability and diversity of benchmark datasets; and the relative scarcity of large-scale experimental validation of the designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144948366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María San-Román-Gil, Lucrezia Zumstein, Arianna Zappi, Andrea Modrego-Sanchez, Beatriz Soldevilla, Rocío Garcia-Carbonero
{"title":"From bench to bedside: the development journey of fruquintinib as a colorectal cancer therapy.","authors":"María San-Román-Gil, Lucrezia Zumstein, Arianna Zappi, Andrea Modrego-Sanchez, Beatriz Soldevilla, Rocío Garcia-Carbonero","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2530597","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2530597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fruquintinib is a novel oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with high selectivity for vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), which play a key role in tumor angiogenesis. Blocking this pathway represents an essential strategy in the continuum of care of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Fruquintinib has been recently approved as monotherapy for refractory mCRC based on the FRESCO and FRESCO-2 pivotal trials, which demonstrated significant overall survival (OS) benefits compared to placebo, with manageable toxicity.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This article summarizes the preclinical development, pharmacology, clinical safety, and efficacy of fruquintinib in refractory mCRC patients and discusses current and future research to optimize its use as monotherapy and in combination with other treatments and potentially expand its use to earlier treatment lines and other types of cancer. A literature search (Dec 2024) was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE, and abstracts from major oncology conferences (AACR, ASCO, and ESMO) were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Fruquintinib expands the treatment armamentarium for patients with refractory mCRC, providing additional survival. Its high selectivity for VEGFR may minimize off-target effects, improving patients' safety and tolerability. Further research on combination strategies and biomarkers will be key to optimizing patient selection and broadening their clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1099-1113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144616855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuan Wei, Kim D Harrison, Lindsay L Loundagin, David M L Cooper
{"title":"Cortical bone loss in osteoporosis: the rabbit as a platform for drug discovery and testing.","authors":"Xuan Wei, Kim D Harrison, Lindsay L Loundagin, David M L Cooper","doi":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2536045","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17460441.2025.2536045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Osteoporosis (OP) affects bone quality and quantity of millions of people worldwide. Osteoporotic fractures significantly decrease the quality of life of patients and are associated with increased mortality in the following years. Thus, there is continued clinical interest in treatments that preserve bone and mitigate fracture risk. As a routine method, several preclinical animal models exist to test current and potential OP treatments. However, most studies focus on trabecular bone, while cortical bone is under-studied, despite its significant role in bone strength and fragility.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The authors review the available on the use of the rabbit model to investigate the pathophysiology and treatments (antiresorptive and osteoanabolic) of OP, emphasizing cortical bone outcomes. Google Scholar was utilized to find the most up-to-date literature on the subject.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The rabbit model of OP is suitable choice for investigation treatments in cortical bone, owing to its human-like cortical remodeling process, which is fundamental to the development of OP. Opportunities exist to utilize novel imaging and histological methods with the rabbit model to examine the mechanisms underpinning the pathophysiology of OP, and to investigate existing and new targets for drug discovery at a microscopic level within the cortical bone compartment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12267,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1169-1192"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}