SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications最新文献

{"title":"Rosetta: Comet-Chaser, Comet-Lander, and Comet-Hopper All In One Mission! (Presentation Recording)","authors":"A. Chmielewski","doi":"10.1117/12.2223971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2223971","url":null,"abstract":"Mission to Catch a Comet! Comets have inspired awe and wonder since the dawn of history. Many scientists today believe that comets crashed into Earth in its formative period spewing organic molecules that were crucial to the growth of life. Comets may have formed about the same time as the giant planets of our solar system (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) - about 4.6 billion years ago. Some scientists think that comets and planets were both made from the same clumps of dust and ice that spewed from our Sun’s birth; others think that these roving time capsules are even older than that, and that they may contain grains of interstellar stuff that is even older than our solar system.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115195892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing multilayer-coated polarizing mirrors for the LAMP soft X-ray telescope","authors":"D. Spiga, B. Salmaso, R. She, K. Tayabaly, M. Wen, R. Banham, E. Costa, H. Feng, A. Giglia, Q. Huang, F. Muleri, G. Pareschi, P. Soffitta, G. Tagliaferri, G. Valsecchi, Z. Wang","doi":"10.1117/12.2185432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185432","url":null,"abstract":"The LAMP (Lightweight Asymmetry and Magnetism Probe) X-ray telescope is a mission concept to measure the polarization of X-ray astronomical sources at 250 eV via imaging mirrors that reflect at incidence angles near the polarization angle, i.e., 45 deg. Hence, it will require the adoption of multilayer coatings with a few nanometers dspacing in order to enhance the reflectivity. The nickel electroforming technology has already been successfully used to fabricate the high angular resolution imaging mirrors of the X-ray telescopes SAX, XMM-Newton, and Swift/XRT. We are investigating this consolidated technology as a possible technique to manufacture focusing mirrors for LAMP. Although the very good reflectivity performances of this kind of mirrors were already demonstrated in grazing incidence, the reflectivity and the scattering properties have not been tested directly at the unusually large angle of 45 deg. Other possible substrates are represented by thin glass foils or silicon wafers. In this paper we present the results of the X-ray reflectivity campaign performed at the BEAR beamline of Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste on multilayer coatings of various composition (Cr/C, Co/C), deposited with different sputtering parameters on nickel, silicon, and glass substrates, using polarized X-rays in the spectral range 240 - 290 eV.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121748463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Middle-infrared echelle cross-dispersion spectrometer ACS-MIR for the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter","authors":"A. Trokhimovskiy, O. Korablev, Y. Ivanov, I. I. Siniyavsky, A. Fedorova, A. Stepanov, A. Titov, A. Patrakeev, P. Moiseev, T. Kozlova, F. Montmessin","doi":"10.1117/12.2190359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190359","url":null,"abstract":"The middle-infrared (MIR) echelle spectrometer is one channel of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package dedicated for the studies of the Martian atmosphere on board ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) planned for launch in 2016. The MIR channel of ACS is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the range of 2.3–4.2 μm with the resolving power of ~50,000. MIR is dedicated to sensitive measurements of trace gases. The MIR channel consists of entry optics, an echelle spectrometer with a 140x250 mm grating and two-mirror collimator, two secondary steerable gratings, and a cryogenically cooled MCT detector array with proximity optics. The spectrometer operates in high orders of diffraction, allowing to acquire up to 17 orders at one detector frame, and to cover simultaneously ~300-nm spectral interval within the spectral range. The mechanism allows moving the secondary grating with a characteristic time of ~0.1 s. This concept is novel for space application. The instrument is a complete block with power and data interfaces, and the overall mass of 12 kg. The protoflight model of MIR is completed, integrated within the ACS suite, and is undergoing tests at the spacecraft.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123169634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"M-DLS laser and heterodyne IR spectrometer for studies of the Мartian atmosphere from ExoMars-2018 landing platform","authors":"A. Rodin, I. Vinogradov, V. V. Barke, A. Klimchuk, O. Benderov, V. Semenov, Yury V. Lebedev, D. Churbanov, M. Spiridonov, A. A. Pereslavtseva, I. Skripachev","doi":"10.1117/12.2195393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195393","url":null,"abstract":"A compact, lightweight multichannel laser and heterodyne spectrometer is under development for the ExoMars-2018 landng platform. The instrument is aimed at sensitive measurements of the ambient atmosphere composition, isotopic ratios and structure, both in situ and on the open path by direct Sun observations. Begin the abstract two lines below author names and addresses. The abstract summarizes key findings in the paper. It is a paragraph of 250 words or less. For the keywords, select up to 8 key terms for a search on your manuscript's subject.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132950817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of urban surface emissivity based on sub-pixel classification of Landsat8 imagery","authors":"E. Orolmaa, S. Tuya, N. Tugjsuren, J. Batbayar","doi":"10.1117/12.2190647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190647","url":null,"abstract":"Information about the spatial distribution of urban surface emissivity is essential for surface temperature estimation. The latter is critical in many applications, such as estimation of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, energy budget, urban canopy modeling, bio-climatic studies and urban planning. This study proposes an estimation of urban surface emissivity, which is primarily based on spectral mixture analysis. The urban surface is assumed to consist of three fundamental land cover components, namely vegetation, impervious and soil that refer to the urban environment. Due to the complexity of the urban environment, the impervious component is further divided into two land cover components: high-albedo and low-albedo impervious. Emissivity values are assigned to each component based on emissivity distributions derived from the Landsat8. Following the proposed method, by combining the fraction of each cover component with a respective emissivity value, an overall emissivity for a given pixel is estimated. The methodology is applicable to visible and near infrared satellite imagery. Therefore it could be used to derive emissivity maps from most multispectral satellite sensors. The proposed approach was applied to Landsat8 multispectral data for the city of Darkhan-Uul, Mongolia. Emissivity, as well as land surface temperature maps in the spectral region of 10.6 - 11.2 μm (Landsat8 band 10) and 11.5-12.5 (Landsat8 band 11) were derived.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116978721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging fields through heavily scattering random media with speckle correlations over source position","authors":"J. A. Newman, Qiaoen Luo, K. Webb","doi":"10.1117/12.2189550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2189550","url":null,"abstract":"We describe intensity correlations as a function of object position as a means to determine the field incident on a randomly scattering medium and to obtain information about objects within a scattering medium. The approach requires robust phase retrieval, presenting the central challenge to key applications. The experimental method is described and example results presented.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"9600 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129457741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocean in Enceladus enhances the case for Panspermia","authors":"C. Wickramasinghe, M. Wainwright, G. Tokoro, R. Hoover","doi":"10.1117/12.2222098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2222098","url":null,"abstract":"The recently announced confirmation of a global ocean beneath the icy outer shell of the Saturnian moon Enceladus provides strong support for cometary panspermia. Recent discoveries have shown that cyanobacteria, diatoms and other photosynthetic microphytoplankton live in the deep, dark bathysphere of the terrestrial oceans. Evidence for liquid water regimes that might harbour life and organics on other icy moons, comets and Pluto adds credence to the concept of a single connected microbial biosphere in the solar system. These discoveries provide additional support for the possibility that life may be widely distributed throughout the distant regions of the Solar System and the validity of the hypothesis of Panspermia.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128617956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design status of ASPIICS, an externally occulted coronagraph for PROBA-3","authors":"E. Renotte, A. Alia, A. Bemporad, J. Bernier, C. Bramanti, S. Buckley, G. Capobianco, I. Cernica, V. Dániel, R. Darakchiev, M. Darmetko, A. Debaize, F. Denis, R. Desselle, L. de Vos, A. Dinescu, S. Fineschi, K. Fleury-Frenette, M. Focardi, A. Fumel, D. Galano, C. Galy, J. Gillis, T. Górski, E. Graas, R. Graczyk, K. Grochowski, J. Halain, A. Hermans, R. Howard, C. Jackson, E. Janssen, H. Kasprzyk, J. Kosiec, S. Koutchmy, Jana Kovačičinová, N. Kranitis, M. Kurowski, Michał Ładno, P. Lamy, F. Landini, Radek Lapáček, V. Ledl, S. Liébecq, D. Loreggia, B. McGarvey, G. Massone, R. Melich, A. Mestreau-Garreau, D. Mollet, Łukasz Mosdorf, M. Mosdorf, M. Mroczkowski, R. Muller, G. Nicolini, B. Nicula, K. O'Neill, P. Orleanski, M. Palau, M. Pancrazzi, Antonios Paschalis, K. Patočka, R. Peřestý, I. Popescu, P. Psota, M. Rataj, J. Rautakoski, M. Romoli, Roman Rybecký, L. Salvador, J. Servaye, Cornel Solomon, Y. Stockman, A. Swat, C. Thizy, M. Thomé, K. Tsinganos, J. van der Meulen, N. Van Vooren, T. Vít, Tomasz Walczak","doi":"10.1117/12.2186962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2186962","url":null,"abstract":"The “sonic region” of the Sun corona remains extremely difficult to observe with spatial resolution and sensitivity sufficient to understand the fine scale phenomena that govern the quiescent solar corona, as well as phenomena that lead to coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which influence space weather. Improvement on this front requires eclipse-like conditions over long observation times. The space-borne coronagraphs flown so far provided a continuous coverage of the external parts of the corona but their over-occulting system did not permit to analyse the part of the white-light corona where the main coronal mass is concentrated. The proposed PROBA-3 Coronagraph System, also known as ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun), with its novel design, will be the first space coronagraph to cover the range of radial distances between ~1.08 and 3 solar radii where the magnetic field plays a crucial role in the coronal dynamics, thus providing continuous observational conditions very close to those during a total solar eclipse. PROBA-3 is first a mission devoted to the in-orbit demonstration of precise formation flying techniques and technologies for future European missions, which will fly ASPIICS as primary payload. The instrument is distributed over two satellites flying in formation (approx. 150m apart) to form a giant coronagraph capable of producing a nearly perfect eclipse allowing observing the sun corona closer to the rim than ever before. The coronagraph instrument is developed by a large European consortium including about 20 partners from 7 countries under the auspices of the European Space Agency. This paper is reviewing the recent improvements and design updates of the ASPIICS instrument as it is stepping into the detailed design phase.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"9604 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128676065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The case for a Martian origin for Earth life","authors":"S. Benner, Hyo-Joong Kim","doi":"10.1117/12.2192890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2192890","url":null,"abstract":"Classical prebiotic chemistry, which has for the last half century explored the reactivity of small organic molecules in glassware environments under the control of chemists, has left unanswered multiple paradoxes with respect to the origins of life. Many of these can be approached, and possibly solved, by placing organic molecular reactivity within the context of the rocks, minerals, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of a prebiotic earth. This new direction in prebiotic chemistry is discussed here, with special emphasis on the role of minerals in constraining the inherent propensity of carbohydrates to devolve to form unproductively complex mixtures of materials. We focus in particular on minerals containing the elements boron and molybdenum, which is produced in discontinuous synthesis model for the emergence of RNA as the first Darwinian molecule. Further, the role of desert environments to manage the “water paradox” is discussed in the context of many classes of processes that have been proposed to deliver RNA under prebiotic conditions. If current models are correct to suggest that early Earth may have been largely flooded at the time when life originated, Then those desert environments may not have been available. However, the inventory of water on Mars has always been less than on Earth and, as Kirschvink has pointed out, intercourse between the two planets was frequent during the time when life is emerging on either planets. This suggests that desert like environments may have been present on early Mars, if they were not present on early Earth.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132469217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tabletop demonstration of non-Interaction of photons and non-interference of waves","authors":"N. Prasad, C. Roychoudhuri","doi":"10.1117/12.2191014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191014","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, Non- Interaction of Waves or the NIW property has been proposed as a generic property of all propagating electromagnetic waves by one of the authors (CR). In other words, optical beams do not interact with each other to modify or re-distribute their field energy distribution in the absence of interacting materials. In this paper, path taken to re-create CR's original demonstration of the NIW-property as an on-site tabletop experiment is discussed. Since 1975, when the NIW demonstration was first reported, several advances in lasers and optical component design architecture have occurred. With the goal of using low cost components and having agility in setting up on non-conformable platforms for general viewing, a compact arrangement for demonstrating the NIW property was envisioned. In our experimental arrangement, a beam multiplier element was utilized to generate a set of spatially separate parallel beams out of an incident laser beam. The emerging parallel beams from the beam multiplier element were then focused on a one-sided ground glass, the flat side being towards the beam multiplier. This flat side reflects off all the incident focused beams as fanning out independent laser beams, remaining unperturbed even though they are reflecting out of a common superposed spot. It is clear that there is neither \"interference between different photons\", nor \"a photon interferes with itself\", even within a region of superposed beams. In contrast, the ground glass surface (same silica molecules but granular or lumpy) was anticipated to generate a set of crisp spatial fringes on its surface as in the original experiment. The fringes are due to granulated individual silica lumps responding simultaneously to the local resultant E-vectors due to all the superposed beams and are scattering energy proportional to the square modulus of the sum of all the simultaneous dipolar amplitude stimulations. The dark fringe locations imply zero resultant amplitude stimulation and hence no scattering. Due to multi-longitudinal mode nature of laser module, the fringes appeared washed out at the backside of the ground glass plate. Experimental refinements followed by our views on whether the fundamental physics behind the generation of superposition fringes by photo detectors different from those due to a ground glass are briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":122150,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123793874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}