Coalition Governance in Western Europe最新文献_第2页

Germany: From Stable Coalition Camps to New Complexity 德国:从稳定的联盟阵营到新的复杂性

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0008

M. Debus, Holger Döring, Alejandro Ecker

{"title":"Germany: From Stable Coalition Camps to New Complexity","authors":"M. Debus, Holger Döring, Alejandro Ecker","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims at presenting the characteristics of cabinets in Germany, in particular for the cabinets formed since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The chapter covers two decades of coalition dynamics and an era that has led to significant changes in German politics in general and the German party system in particular. The electoral support for the two catch-all parties – Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) and Social Democrats (SPD) decreased in that time period, while the increased number of parliamentary parties and the increasing vote share for the smaller parties resulted in a more complex bargaining environment. We also discuss changes in the policy profiles of the parliamentary parties and how potential coalitions are discussed during election campaigns. The chapter provides first a brief overview on the institutional setting in which parties in Germany act and which influences the government-formation process, as well as the daily business of coalition governance. In a second step, we outline recent dynamics in the structure of the German party system. The final section summarizes the findings, considers if an overall trend in terms of changes in coalition governance exists in Germany, and discusses the impact of the parliamentary presence of a left- and a right-wing ‘pariah’ party—The Left and the Alternative for Germany—for coalition politics in Germany in the future.","PeriodicalId":121479,"journal":{"name":"Coalition Governance in Western Europe","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131952201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Coalition Governance Patterns across Western Europe 西欧的联合治理模式

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0020

T. Bergman, Bäck Hanna, Hellström Johan

{"title":"Coalition Governance Patterns across Western Europe","authors":"T. Bergman, Bäck Hanna, Hellström Johan","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"We here summarize and compare the empirical results found by our country authors, focusing on the coalition life cycle in seventeen countries. The chapter starts with a description of the changes that have occurred during the past decades in the party systems of Western Europe, and some institutional rules surrounding government formation and duration. We then turn to the comparing patterns of government formation across countries, showing that coalitions constitute almost 70 per cent of the cabinets in Western Europe, and that the Scandinavian countries have been dominated by minority cabinets. Focusing on the coalition governance stage, we analyse the variation in the use of different control mechanisms across countries, for example showing that many coalition governments draft extensive contracts to control their partners in cabinet. The comparative data we present also shows that such agreements have become longer over time. Focusing on the last stage of the life cycle, we show that in a majority of countries, it is more common that a cabinet terminates early than serves the full term. There has also been a clear trend towards more government instability, even though the variation in cabinet duration across countries is large. We conclude this chapter by returning to the three coalition governance models described earlier in this volume, classifying the countries as being closer to one of the three models, based on a number of indicators and the information provided by our country experts.","PeriodicalId":121479,"journal":{"name":"Coalition Governance in Western Europe","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126445881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Portugal: Left-Wing Single-Party Governments and Right-Wing Coalitions 葡萄牙:左翼一党政府和右翼联盟

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0015

Patrícia Calca

引用次数: 0

Denmark: How to Form and Govern Minority Coalitions 丹麦:如何组建和治理少数民族联盟

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0005

F. Christiansen

引用次数: 0

The United Kingdom: When a Coalition Meets the Westminster Model, Who Wins? 英国:联合政府遇到威斯敏斯特模式，谁赢?

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0018

N. Barlow, Tim Bale

{"title":"The United Kingdom: When a Coalition Meets the Westminster Model, Who Wins?","authors":"N. Barlow, Tim Bale","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the United Kingdom’s sole post-war coalition government and how it interacted with the Westminster Model’s assumption of single-party government. It looks at the issue from two perspectives: firstly, how much the usual processes of single-party government changed to accommodate two parties in government, and secondly, how David Cameron’s Conservatives and Nick Clegg’s Liberal Democrats worked together as parties in government in ways that fitted with the expectations of the Westminster Model. It examines this single example of coalition government in its political and historical contexts, exploring why a coalition occurred in 2010 and how it managed to continue in office for a full parliamentary term. The chapter begins with the comparatively swift process of negotiation through which the coalition was formed, then proceeds to look at how the expectations of that negotiation survived contact with the actual processes of government. It concludes by examining what the procedural and political impacts of the coalition on the UK have been, including the role of the coalition’s Fixed-Term Parliament Act on the stability of it and future governments.","PeriodicalId":121479,"journal":{"name":"Coalition Governance in Western Europe","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114823551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Iceland: Political Change and Coalition Politics 冰岛:政治变革和联合政治

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0010

I. Indridason, G. Kristinsson

引用次数: 1

Belgium: From Highly Constrained and Complex Bargaining Settings to Paralysis? 比利时:从高度约束和复杂的谈判环境到瘫痪?

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0004

L. Winter, P. Dumont

{"title":"Belgium: From Highly Constrained and Complex Bargaining Settings to Paralysis?","authors":"L. Winter, P. Dumont","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"While Belgium undoubtedly had the most complex coalition bargaining system in Western Europe during the period 1946–1999, it has become much more difficult for parties to form federal governments ever since. Contrary to a number of European countries, government formation complexity did not peak due the emergence of brand-new parties, nor of any new cleavage. Rather, in Belgium the main ingredients pre-existed: party system fragmentation—which was already high since unitary parties had split along linguistic lines—skyrocketed as the mainstream parties around which post-war coalitions were formed further declined in size, confronting some (in)formateurs with up to ten coalitionable parties. Their task has been further complicated by the growing saliency and Flemish radicalization of the community cleavage which led to the rise of the independentist N-VA, whose positions remain unacceptable for any French-speaking party. As a result, Belgium has often been left without a fully empowered government, the partisan composition of coalitions broke away from previous patterns, and the coalition compromise model, which was already solidly entrenched in the consociational norms and practices since the 1960s, was further elaborated. Coalition partners keep tabs on each other through compromise mechanisms and policy-monitoring devices such as long and detailed coalition agreements, the enhanced role of the inner cabinet composed of the PM and the vice-PMs of each coalition party, and strictly enforced coalition discipline in legislative matters. But, given the increasingly unbridgeable divides between Flemish- and French-speaking parties, the deadlock observed could well lead to the demise of Belgium.","PeriodicalId":121479,"journal":{"name":"Coalition Governance in Western Europe","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116356227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

France: Electoral Necessity and Presidential Leadership Beyond Parties 法国:选举的必要性和超越党派的总统领导

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0007

Isabelle Guinaudeau, Simon Persico

{"title":"France: Electoral Necessity and Presidential Leadership Beyond Parties","authors":"Isabelle Guinaudeau, Simon Persico","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Coalition-making in France is under-studied, due to the peculiar way coalitions are formed, maintained, and terminated. Due to the majoritarian two-round electoral system, parliamentary elections often result in a one-party parliamentary majority, which barely leaves room for post-electoral coalition bargaining. Coalition agreements are negotiated prior to elections. They mostly consist of pre-electoral deals in which the coalition’s senior party grant a few seats to its potential partner, after both parties agree on a laconic policy document. Moreover, in a semi-presidential regime where the executive enjoys increasing powers, coalition members play a small role compared to the president (or the prime minister in times of cohabitation). Cabinet formation and portfolio allocation rest in the discretionary power of the chief of the executive and no real (in)formal coordination or negotiation takes place. Over the past few decades, France has undergone major institutional and political transformations that have reinforced those dynamics, effectively increasing the weight of the president in coalition bargaining and leaving minor parties quite powerless.","PeriodicalId":121479,"journal":{"name":"Coalition Governance in Western Europe","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128959506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Italy: Continuous Change and Continuity in Change 意大利:持续的变革和变革中的连续性

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0012

F. Zucchini, A. Pedrazzani

{"title":"Italy: Continuous Change and Continuity in Change","authors":"F. Zucchini, A. Pedrazzani","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Few democracies in the world have experienced so many transformations in the electoral and party systems as has Italy since the early 1990s. Therefore the study of the Italian case is an excellent opportunity to investigate if and how these changes impact on the government’s role in the decision-making process, on government formation and termination, and on the governance stage. Although the formal rules concerning executive–legislative relations have remained almost unaltered, since the 1990s Italian governments have increased de facto their agenda-setting power. Since 1994, the party competition dynamics and the electoral rules induced the political parties to build electoral alliances and pre-electoral coalitions. However, the persisting high level of internal fragmentation made Italian governments also very unstable compared to the governments in many other European democracies. The instruments of intra-coalitional conflict resolution used in Italy have been for long time quite informal and mostly based upon decision-making bodies partially external to the executive. The above cited changes at the beginning of the 1990s, by increasing the overlapping between government leadership and party leadership, made these mechanisms more internal to the government arena. Recent political and institutional developments—especially after the 2013 and 2018 general elections and the new electoral rules—leave very open and uncertain the prospects of consolidation of all these changes.","PeriodicalId":121479,"journal":{"name":"Coalition Governance in Western Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131198480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Greece: From Coalitions as a ‘State of Exception’ to the New Normal? 希腊:从“例外国家”的联盟到新常态?

Coalition Governance in Western Europe Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0009

Myrto Tsakatika

{"title":"Greece: From Coalitions as a ‘State of Exception’ to the New Normal?","authors":"Myrto Tsakatika","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Coalition government has been exceptional in Greece since the consolidation of democracy in 1974 but in the aftermath of the global financial crisis its occurrence has become more frequent. Most Greek government coalitions are surplus connected coalitions assembled to address an economic or national crisis and do not involve formal coalition agreements. Their formation takes place after a brief bargaining phase strictly circumscribed by precise constitutional rules under the aegis of the president of the republic. Greek coalitions are governed primarily by ad hoc fora of party leaders that make key decisions and resolve inter-coalitional conflict. The prime minister and key ministers dominate policy arguments, albeit taking into account the wishes of party leaders. The termination of coalitions is by and large due to party leaders’ strategic considerations, though the importance of policy disagreement among the partners is becoming a more significant consideration. While the post-crisis overhaul of the Greek party system has not greatly affected the main characteristics of the coalition life cycle, there is evidence that greater experience with coalition government may be leading to some tentative institutionalization of power-sharing practices and greater acceptance of such practices among political elites.","PeriodicalId":121479,"journal":{"name":"Coalition Governance in Western Europe","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134397000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0