Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of sulfonylurea herbicides using high resolution electrospray ionization ion mobility quadrupole mass spectrometry","authors":"B. Clowers, W. Steiner, Heather M. Dion, L. Matz, M. Tam, E. Tarver, H. Hill","doi":"10.1002/FACT.10010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.10010","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the current study was to explore and assess the potential of high resolution electrospray ionization atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry (ESI–AP-IMS) as a field analytical method for the detection and identification of mixtures of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides in aqueous samples. Because of increased usage, persistent behavior, and potential for crop damage, an environmental method of analysis capable of evaluating SU herbicides in a swift and effective manner is necessary. Eight SU herbicides were evaluated using ESI–AP-IMS quadrupole mass spectrometry. The selected herbicides were chosen based upon availability and scope of use. The SU herbicide species were qualitatively identified using quadrupole mass spectrometry, followed by the determination of reduced mobility values for characteristic ions. Various mixtures of rimsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, prosulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, and primisulfuron-methyl could be revealed using AP-IMS. The ease of use, ability to operate under ambient conditions, and relatively rapid data acquisition times make ESI–AP-IMS an attractive candidate for the analysis of aqueous environmental field samples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 302–312, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10010","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84467349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of a low thermal mass gas chromatograph for rapid forensic GC–MS analyses","authors":"K. Sloan, R. Mustacich, B. Eckenrode","doi":"10.1002/FACT.10011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.10011","url":null,"abstract":"Field as well as laboratory gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) systems are limited in several ways. Laboratory systems with air circulation ovens are bulky, power inefficient, and have a narrow range of temperature programming rates. Commercial field-portable GC–MS systems are too heavy, and many are limited to isothermal column temperature control. A resistively heated low thermal mass (LTM) GC system has been developed that can overcome most of these limitations, offering laboratory-level performance, or better, in a small, lightweight package. A prototype LTM GC was developed and evaluated in parallel with a commercial laboratory GC–MS used as a benchmark. A series of hydrocarbons, a Grob mixture, and a drug mixture critical pair of cocaine and nortriptyline were analyzed under different chromatographic conditions, and the performance of both systems was compared in terms of speed, efficiency, temperature control, resolution, precision, and power demand. The LTM GC was found to provide performance that was equivalent to the lab-based commercial GC when conventional temperature ramp rates were used (up to 30°C/min). The LTM GC provided additional advantages over the conventional GC system in terms of positive or negative temperature ramping rates and range, cool-down time reduction, and lower power requirements (1–5 W/m). This new GC system demonstrated a capability for a wider range of linear temperature programming rates providing analysts flexibility when performing established forensic methods. Method development and implementation of the LTM GC was successful in demonstrating GC analyses that are controllable, reproducible, and fieldable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 288–301, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10011","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75668034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Bioaerosol Monitoring Using UV Excitation Fluorescence: Outdoor Test Results","authors":"J. Eversole, W. Cary, C. Scotto, R. Pierson, M. Spence, A. Campillo","doi":"10.1002/FACT.1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.1022","url":null,"abstract":"This report describes procedures and results of recent outdoor tests in evaluating a prototype sin- gle particle fluorescence analyzer (SPFA), an instrument that is being developed to simultaneously monitor am- bient concentrations of both biological and nonbiologi- cal aerosols using optical techniques. Recent modifica- tions to the SPFA are also noted and discussed. During recent outdoor tests, aerosols were generated contain- ing four different types of biological material: ova albu- min, MS-2 phage, Erwinia herbicola vegetative cells and Bacillus subtilis spores. Analysis of the SPFA results in- dicates that a probability of detection of at least 87% was achieved for target aerosol concentrations as low as a few (1-5) particles/liter. Moreover, comparison with dif- ferent reference instruments indicate that the SPFA can achieve absolute quantitative detection efficiencies for individual biological aerosols of at least 70% (assuming appropriate alignment and threshold settings are made). During some of the outdoor tests different nonbiological aerosols were also released that generally did not gener- ate any significant fluorescent signals. Although official test scores have not yet been distributed, we provide here the SPFA results for each of the aerosol releases made during the test. Analysis of the relative fluorescent inten- sities in the visible and UV spectral bands suggests that these data can be used in the future to provide an indi- cation of the type of biological aerosol being released as well. C c ∞ 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.⁄This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America. and monitor human pathogens or other hazardous biological materials as aerosols. Our research project has focused on using optical techniques to sample and monitor ambient air on a continuous basis, in order to provide essentially a real-time analysis of the biological aerosol concentration.","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87184979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological agent detection and identification by the Block II Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer","authors":"W. Griest, M. Wise, K. J. Hart, S. A. Lammert, C. V. Thompson, A. Vass","doi":"10.1002/FACT.1019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.1019","url":null,"abstract":"The Block II Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer (CBMS) detects and identifies both chemical and biological warfare agents. Biodetection is based upon respirable particle collection by an opposed-jet virtual impactor, liberation of derivatized biomarkers by thermolysis-methylation and their analysis by direct-sampling ion trap mass spectrometry in the full-scan chemical ionization mode. Results from laboratory and field trials demonstrate the capability of the Block II CBMS for biodetection and identification. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 177–184, 2001","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81279131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multivariate data analysis of fluorescence signals from biological aerosols","authors":"T. Tjärnhage, Maria Strömqvist, G. Olofsson, D. Squirrell, James Burke, J. Ho, M. Spence","doi":"10.1002/FACT.1018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.1018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the use of multivariate data analysis of multiwavelength fluorescence measurements of biological aerosols collected by an air to liquid cyclone sampler. The enriched aerosol suspension was analyzed in a flow cell by a commercial spectrofluorometer at eight different wavelength combinations. The data were obtained from the disseminations of biological simulants at the 6th Joint Field Trials at Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada. The measurement concept was to use intrinsic biological fluorescence to distinguish between the different simulants as well as to distinguish them from interfering particles such as smoke and dust. Fluorescence data were analyzed using principal component analysis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 171–176, 2001","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79476838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-site analysis of world war II cylinders and barrels with unknown contents","authors":"E. Davoli, L. Cappellini, R. Fanelli, Michele Bonsignore, M. Gavinelli","doi":"10.1002/FACT.10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.10009","url":null,"abstract":"An on-site approach is presented to solve an analytical problem that had potential hazards. Some barrels and one cylinder, with unknown contents, were found underground. There were reasons to suspect that they might hold chemical warfare (CW) agents, but neither the class of compounds nor their physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) was known. Their conditions did not allow transport to a laboratory. It was decided to install an on-site, direct sampling system so as to minimize sample handling risks, and to use mass spectrometry to analyze the vapors inside the barrels. A small commercial bench-top quadrupole was adapted to sample the gas phase directly, possibly at high pressure. The whole system allowed the operators to open the barrels and the cylinder and to analyze and dispose of the contents safely, on-site. Mass spectra indicated that most of the containers were empty, a few contained water and hydrocarbons, and one had phosgene gas. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 313–319, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10009","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90560699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thanking all FACT contributors and readers","authors":"HenkL.C. Meuzelaar","doi":"10.1002/FACT.10013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.10013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89621359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a high affinity monoclonal antibody against imazapyr and its configuration in a sensitive ELISA suitable for field use","authors":"L. K. Siew, J. Dessi, J. Spoors, L. Winger, L. Jennens, C. Self","doi":"10.1002/FACT.10012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.10012","url":null,"abstract":"Although polyclonal antibodies specific for the herbicide imazapyr have been described and have formed the basis of an immunoassay (at one time commercially available but since withdrawn), it is clear that this molecule has limited immunogenicity. We evaluated various hapten–protein conjugates for their capacity to elicit antibody binding to imazapyr from multiply immunized murine hosts, as assessed by hapten-competed inhibition of reactivity with hapten conjugated to a heterologous carrier. From one highly reactive individual, we subsequently developed a monoclonal antibody exhibiting a high reactivity to this agrochemical. With this antibody we have been able to configure immunoassays in formats suitable for either laboratory or field use that exhibit both high performance and convenience, such that sensitivities for imazapyr in the range of 1 ng/ml can be achieved. While further testing of this anti-imazapyr antibody in field conditions is required, the availability of a constant source of immunoreactive immunoglobulin may be important in the development of useful immunoanalytical approaches for the assessment of imazapyr at the point-of-need. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 281–287, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10012","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85606326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced biosensor performance for on‐site field analysis of explosives in water using solid‐phase extraction membranes","authors":"P. Charles, Bridgette M. Dingle, Saskia K. van Bergen, P. R. Gauger, C. H. Patterson, A. Kusterbeck","doi":"10.1002/FACT.10007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.10007","url":null,"abstract":"Biosensors, over the past decade, have demonstrated their utility in a number of environmental applications. One application has been trace-level detection of energetic materials (i.e., explosives) in the soil, sediment, and waterways as a result of unexploded ordnances from past military exercises. A promising biosensor, developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, has been designed to detect the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoulene (TNT) and 1,3,5-hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitrotriazine (RDX), utilizing a displacement immunoassay format. The fundamental principle of the biosensor relies on the specificity of the recognition element (e.g., antibody) to recognize and bind the explosive molecule, with subsequent release and fluorescence signal response by a cyanine-5 labeled reporter complex. In recent analytical tests performed on environmental samples, erroneous signal responses and inaccurate quantitative measurements were obtained with the biosensor as a result of interference components in the environmental matrices. In this paper, we investigated the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) membranes for their efficiency to extract the explosives TNT and RDX in water samples to improve quantitative measurements conducted with the biosensor. Three SPE membranes were evaluated: (1) styrenedivinylbenzene-extra clean (SDB-XC) copolymer, (2) styrenedivinylbenzene-reverse phase sulfonated (SDB-RPS) copolymer, and (3) C-18 octadecyl bonded silica (C18). Each SPE membrane was exposed to media containing the explosives TNT, RDX or both. Initial experiments were conducted to determine which SPE membrane and what elution solvent was most effective in the extraction of both TNT and RDX from water samples. Solvent extracts from the SPE membranes containing the explosive molecules were also analyzed using a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography method (EPA SW846-Method 8330). Experimental results using the SDB-RPS membrane to extract TNT or RDX from groundwater or seawater consistently produced extraction efficiencies between 80 and 100%. Results also confirmed that combining the extraction capabilities of the SPE membrane improved the fluorescence signal response and accuracy of the biosensor twofold in comparison to previous analysis © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 272–280, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10007","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86589005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field detection and identification of a bioaerosol suite by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry*","authors":"A. Snyder, A. Tripathi, W. Maswadeh, J. Ho, M. Spence","doi":"10.1002/FACT.1021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/FACT.1021","url":null,"abstract":"Improvements were made to a pyrolysis-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (Py-GC-IMS) stand-alone biodetector to provide more pyrolyzate compound information to the IMS detector module. Air carrier gas flowing continuously through the pyrolysis tube, the rate of air flow, and pyrolysis rate were found to improve the relative quality and quantity of pyrolyzate compounds detected by the IMS detector compared to earlier work. These improvements allowed a greater degree of confidence in the correlation of biological aerosols obtained in outdoor testing scenarios to a standard GC-IMS biological aerosol dataset. The airflow improvement allowed more biomarker compounds to be observed in the GC-IMS data domain for aerosols of gram-negative Erwinia herbicola (EH) and ovalbumin protein as compared to previous studies. Minimal differences were observed for gram-positive spores of Bacillus subtilis var. globigii (BG) from that of earlier work. Prior outdoor aerosol challenges dealt with the detection of one organism, either EH or BG. Biological aerosols were disseminated in a Western Canadian prairie and the Py-GC-IMS was tested for its ability to detect the biological aerosols. The current series of outdoor trials consisted of three different biological aerosol challenges. Forty-two trials were conducted and a simple area calculation of the GC-IMS data domain biomarker peaks correlated with the correct bioaerosol challenge in 30 trials (71%). In another 7 trials, the status of an aerosol was determined to be biological in origin. Two additional trials had no discernible, unambiguous GC-IMS biological response, because they were blank water sprays. Reproducible limits of detection were at a concentration of less than 0.5 bacterial analyte-containing particle per liter of air. In order to realize this low concentration, an aerosol concentrator was used to concentrate 2000 l of air in 2.2 min. Previous outdoor aerosol trials have shown the Py-GC-IMS device to be a credible detector with respect to determining the presence of a biological aerosol. The current series of outdoor trials has provided a platform to show that the Py-GC-IMS can provide information more specific than a biological or non-biological analysis to an aerosol when the time of dissemination is unknown to the operator. The Py-GC-IMS is shown to be able to discriminate between aerosols of a gram-positive spore (BG), a gram-negative bacterium (EH), and a protein (ovalbumin). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 190–204, 2001","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78072691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}