Experimental Gerontology最新文献

{"title":"A formula for calculating 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) scores from the 15-item version (GDS-15)","authors":"Yuge Zhang, M. Hoozemans, M. Pijnappels, S. Bruijn","doi":"10.1101/2022.09.22.509012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.22.509012","url":null,"abstract":"The Geriatric Depression Scale with 30 items (GDS-30) and with 15 items (GDS-15) are both valid tools for assessing depression in older adults, but their absolute values are not directly comparable. Here, we used a dataset (n=431) with GDS-30 scores from a project concerning fall-risk assessment in older adults (FARAO) to develop and validate a formula which can be used to convert GDS-15 scores into GDS-30 scores. We found that the GDS-15 score cannot simply be multiplied by 2 to obtain the GDS-30 scores and that estimations of GDS-30 from GDS-15 are not affected by age, sex and MMSE. Therefore, the optimal formula to estimate the GDS-30 score from the GDS-15 score was: GDS-30_estimated = 1.57 + 1.95 × GDS-15. This formula yielded an estimate of GDS-30 with an explained variance of 79%, compared to 63% when GDS-15 was simply multiplied by 2. Researchers that have used the GDS-15 and want to compare their outcomes to other studies that reported only the GDS-30 are advised to use this formula.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44519616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interaction of Osmotic and Heavy Metal Stress in C. elegans","authors":"Emily Turner, Amanda Furtmann, H. Dang, Destiny DeNicola, George Sutphin","doi":"10.1093/geroni/igab046.2566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2566","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cellular stress is an ever-present aspect of aging and a primary driver of many common age-associated diseases such as cancer, diabetes, or neurodegenerative diseases. As we age, stress-induced damage accumulates over time, along with reduced efficacy of stress response pathways at combatting such damage. Molecular stress response pathways are well studied in the context of individual stressors, but there is a lack of understanding of how these responses change when multiple stressors are encountered at the same time. The goal of our work is to explore the impact of multiple simultaneous stressors on health and survival, and to investigate the underlying molecular pathways involved. To accomplish this, we utilize the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to monitor lifespan changes in response to various stressors. We simultaneously exposed C. elegans to high concentrations of sodium chloride and cadmium chloride, known to induce osmotic and heavy metal stress, respectively. We found that lifespan is drastically decreased by the combined stress, significantly more so than the reduction in lifespan caused by either individual stress. Our results show that glycerol levels, which are normally increased in response to osmotic stress, are significantly lowered when the two stresses are combined compared to levels detected for osmotic stress alone. This suggests that the presence of cadmium may sensitize worms to sodium and other osmotic stressors by blunting cells’ ability to mount an appropriate molecular response. In ongoing work, we will continue to dissect the mechanisms through which cadmium influences glycerol production and other aspects of osmotic stress response.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60703463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of WB-EMS and protein supplementation on body composition, physical function, metabolism and inflammatory biomarkers in middle-aged and elderly patients with sarcopenic obesity: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Jia-ming Yang, Yun Luo, Jiahui Zhang, Qingxi Liu, Qiangru Zhu, Hua Ye, Y. Niu, Hui Huang, H. Xie, Y. Long, Mao-yuan Wang","doi":"10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0096","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The patients with sarcopenic obesity (SO) have the characteristics of both sarcopenia and obesity, that is, less muscle mass and increased fat mass, and their morbidity, disability and mortality are higher than patients with sarcopenia or obesity alone.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVES\u0000To investigate the effects of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) training and protein supplementation intervention on body composition, physical function, metabolism and inflammatory biomarkers in middle-aged and elderly patients with SO.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000We searched for randomized controlled trials in seven databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, SinoMed, and CNKI as of July 3, 2021. The methodological quality of each included study was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Eleven randomized controlled studies with a total of 779 participants were included in this meta-analysis. WB-EMS training improved sarcopenia Z-score (MD = -1.52, 95 % CI: -2.27, -0.77, P < 0.0001) and waist circumference (WC) (MD = -1.41, 95 % CI: -2.62, -0.20, P = 0.02), and increased skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (MD = 1.27, 95 % CI: 0.66,1.88, P < 0.0001) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) (MD = 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.08, 1.27, P = 0.03). Protein supplementation intervention reduced body fat rate (BF%) (MD = -1.28, 95 % CI: -1.88, -0.68, P < 0.0001, I2 = 0 %), total body fat (TBF) (MD = -0.98, 95 % CI: -1.65, -0.31, P = 0.004, I2 = 0 %) and trunk body fat mass (TBFM) (MD = -0.50, 95 % CI: -0.94, -0.06, P = 0.03, I2 = 0 %), and increased grip strength (GS) (MD = 1.13, 95 % CI: 0.06, 2.21, P = 0.04, I2 = 0 %). The combination of WB-EMS and protein supplements is beneficial to most body components and physical functions, such as SMI (MD = 1.21, 95 % CI: 0.73, 1.51, P < 0.00001, I2 = 0 %), GS (MD = 1.60, 95 % CI: 0.80, 2.40, P < 0.0001, I2 = 45 %) and walking speed (WS) (MD = 0.04, 95 % CI: 0.02, 0.06, P < 0.0001, I2 = 49 %). Compared with protein supplementation alone, WB-EMS could have an additional beneficial effect on BF% (MD = -0.92, 95 % CI: -1.80, -0.04, P = 0.04) and WC (MD = -1.03, 95 % CI: -1.70, -0.36, P = 0.003). Nevertheless, the addition of protein supplements did not provide any additional benefit compared with WB-EMS alone. In addition, there was almost no positive effect of WB-EMS and protein supplements on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000As things stand, protein supplementation intervention can effectively reduce body fat percentage, fat mass, and increase grip strength in SO patients. Both WB-EMS and protein supplementation intervention had no significant effects on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. WB-EMS combined with protein supplementation intervention was beneficial for SO patients in many ways. Due to the small number of studies, further studi","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46518170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How are combinations of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep related to cognitive function in older adults? A systematic review","authors":"M. Mellow, Alyson J. Crozier, D. Dumuid, A. Wade, M. Goldsworthy, J. Dorrian, Ashleigh E. Smith","doi":"10.1101/2021.09.07.21263199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.07.21263199","url":null,"abstract":"The relationships between cognitive function and each of physical activity, sleep and sedentary behaviour in older adults are well documented. However, these three time use behaviours are co-dependent parts of the 24-hour day (spending time in one leaves less time for the others), and their best balance for cognitive function in older adults is still largely unknown. This systematic review summarises the existing evidence on the associations between combinations of two or more time-use behaviours and cognitive function in older adults. Embase, Pubmed, PsycInfo, Medline and Emcare databases were searched in March 2020 and updated in May 2021, returning a total of 25,289 papers for screening. A total of 23 studies were included in the synthesis, spanning >23,000 participants (mean age 71 years). Findings support previous evidence that spending more time in physical activity and limiting sedentary behaviour is broadly associated with better cognitive outcomes in older adults. Higher proportions of moderate-vigorous physical activity in the day were most frequently associated with better cognitive function. Some evidence suggests that certain types of sedentary behaviour may be positively associated with cognitive function, such as reading or computer use. Sleep duration appears to share an inverted U-shaped relationship with cognition, as too much or too little sleep is negatively associated with cognitive function. This review highlights considerable heterogeneity in methodological and statistical approaches, and encourages a more standardised, transparent approach to capturing important daily behaviours in older adults. Investigating all three time-use behaviours together against cognitive function using suitable statistical methodology is strongly recommended to further our understanding of optimal 24-hour time-use for brain function in aging.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43388849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring how, why and in what contexts older adults are at risk of financial cybercrime victimisation: A realist review","authors":"A. Burton, C. Cooper, A. Dar, Lucy Mathews, K. Tripathi","doi":"10.31235/osf.io/qvdy3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/qvdy3","url":null,"abstract":"Although older people rarely report being victims of financial cybercrime, there is evidence that older online users are at increased risk. This realist review identified factors leading to older adults' victimisation and reviewed the theory and evidence for interventions to reduce victimisation risks. We developed an initial programme theory from a scoping review and expert stakeholder consultations. We searched electronic databases, references and websites for literature meeting inclusion criteria. We analysed 52 primary and secondary data sources, seeking stakeholder views to develop and refine the programme theory and generate Context-Mechanism-Outcome Configurations (CMOCs) explaining how, why and in what circumstances older adults become financial cybercrime victims; and extrapolated this to consider rational intervention strategies. Our programme theory comprised 16 CMOCs describing how: social isolation, cognitive, physical and mental health problems; wealth status, limited cyber security skills or awareness, societal attitudes and content of scams led to victimisation. Our refined programme theory provides a novel framework to guide future intervention design. Only interventions to enhance older internet users' awareness and skills have been trialled to date. Other theoretically plausible interventions include: offender management programmes, tailored security measures, society-wide stigma reduction and awareness-raising with groups who support older people.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46271443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerobic exercise inhibits inflammatory response in atherosclerosis via Sestrin1 protein","authors":"Yunfeng Sun, Yawei Wu, Yingping Jiang, Hao Liu","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-592550/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-592550/V1","url":null,"abstract":"Aerobic exercise plays an important role in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Inflammatory response is the main pathological process during occurrence and development stage of atherosclerosis. SESNs are considered as anti-inflammation protein in atherosclerosis. In current study, a high expression level of SESN1 is identified under the condition of aerobic exercise, further investigation shows levels of IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α are significantly suppressed compared to those atherosclerosis mice with no aerobic training. Besides, we find that the activation of NF-κB signaling is impeded. Combine with our previous study, SESN1 is considered as the downstream factor of aerobic exercise which tend to inhibit the activation of inflammatory signaling and result in suppress the expression level of inflammatory factors. Another exciting finding is that MMP9/13 are also suppressed，but the potential mechanism is unclear. Overall, present study sheds light on the significance of aerobic exercise for inflammation and stability of plaque through SESN1 may help developing new clinical treatments of atherosclerosis.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45533487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in a model of age-related osteoarthritis is impaired after dietary rapamycin","authors":"C. Elliehausen, D. Minton, A. Nichol, A. Konopka","doi":"10.1101/2021.06.11.448123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.11.448123","url":null,"abstract":"A decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is associated with the loss of skeletal muscle size and function during knee osteoarthritis (OA). We have recently reported that the 12-weeks of dietary rapamycin (Rap, 14ppm), with or without metformin (Met, 1000ppm), increased plasma glucose and OA severity in male Dunkin Hartley (DH) guinea pigs, a model of naturally occurring, age-related OA. The purpose of the current study was to determine if increased OA severity after dietary Rap and Rap+Met was accompanied by impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial respiration and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emissions were evaluated in permeabilized muscle fibers via high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry using either a saturating bolus or titration of ADP. Rap and Rap+Met decreased complex I (CI)-linked respiration and increased ADP sensitivity, consistent with previous findings in patients with end-stage OA. Rap also tended to decrease mitochondrial H2O2 emissions, however, this was no longer apparent after normalizing to respiration. The decrease in CI-linked respiration was accompanied with lower CI protein abundance. This is the first inquiry into how lifespan extending treatments Rap and Rap+Met can influence skeletal muscle mitochondria in a model of age-related OA. Collectively, our data suggest that Rap with or without Met inhibits CI-linked capacity and increases ADP sensitivity in DH guinea pigs that have greater OA severity.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44604416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of recreational sports and combined training on blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"V. M. Schneider, Paula Frank, S. Fuchs, Rodrigo Ferrari","doi":"10.1101/2021.05.05.21256401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.05.21256401","url":null,"abstract":"Background Combined resistance and aerobic training (CT) is the most suitable form of exercise training to simultaneously improve cardiometabolic profile and functional capacity in middle-aged and older adults. Recreational sports (RS) emerge as an alternative to traditional exercises to improve these outcomes that could be used as a retention and continuity strategy, promoting health benefits associated with pleasure and satisfaction during the physical activity. Objectives The aim was to conduct a meta-analysis on the effects of RS and CT on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in middle-aged and older adults and to compare these exercise interventions to a non-exercising control group (CON). Data Sources A literature search was conducted using the databases at PubMed, COCHRANE and SciELO between July and August 2020. Study Eligibility Criteria Studies that included men and women aged 45 years, healthy or with values of baseline for SBP 130mmHg or DBP 80 mmHg or with type II diabetes, in which the participants performed RS or CT versus CON, and evaluated SBP, DBP and HbA1c. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Two independent reviewers screened search results, performed data extraction, and assessed of methodological quality of studies. Random effects modeling was used to compare pre to postintervention changes in BP and HbA1c from RS and CT versus CON, and the effect size were calculated through the weighted mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Conclusions RS and CT are effective exercise interventions to improve blood pressure in middle-aged and older adults. Additionally, CT seems to be an excellent strategy to reduce HbA1c, and future studies are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of recreational sports to improve HbA1c.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62327937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Senolytics and the compression of late-life mortality","authors":"A. Kowald, T. Kirkwood","doi":"10.1101/2021.04.24.441236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.24.441236","url":null,"abstract":"Senescent cells play an important role in mammalian ageing and in the etiology of age-related diseases. Treatment of mice with senolytics – drugs that selectively remove senescent cells – causes an extension of median lifespan but has little effect on maximum lifespan. Postponement of some mortality to later ages, without a corresponding increase in maximum mortality, can be termed ‘compression of mortality’. When we fit the standard Gompertz mortality model to the survival data following senolytic treatment, we find an increase in the slope parameter, commonly described as the ‘actuarial ageing rate’. These observations raise important questions about the actions of senolytic treatments and their effects on health and survival, which are not yet sufficiently understood. To explore how the survival data from senolytics experiments might be explained, we combine recent exploration of the evolutionary basis of cellular senescence with theoretical consideration of the molecular processes that might be involved. We perform numerical simulations of senescent cell accumulation and senolytic treatment in an ageing population. The simulations suggest that while senolytics diminish the burden of senescent cells, they may also impair the general repair capacity of the organism, leading to a faster accumulation post-treatment of new senescent cells. Our results suggest a framework to address the benefits and possible side effects of senolytic therapies, with the potential to aid the design of optimal treatment regimens.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41377079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated circulating CD16+ monocytes and TLR4+ monocytes in older adults with multiple cardiometabolic disease risk factors","authors":"M. Markofski, M. Flynn","doi":"10.1101/2021.04.13.21255420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.13.21255420","url":null,"abstract":"We endeavored to examine relationships between circulating monocyte phenotype and cardio-metabolic disease risk, in healthy, older adults. We performed a secondary data analysis on men and women, 55-75 yr, who were assigned to groups based on cardio-metabolic risk factors other than age. Subject in the low risk group (n=16, 12 females) had fewer than three risk factors. Subjects in the elevated risk group (n=29, 19 females) had three or more risk factors. Along with baseline screening for fitness and body composition, resting blood samples were assessed for markers of inflammation including: monocyte phenotype (inflammatory monocytes), monocyte cell-surface TLR4 expression, and serum C-reactive protein. The low risk group had a smaller (19.3% difference; p<0.0001) waist circumference and lower body fat weight (36.3%; p<0.0001), but higher V02max (45.5%; p=0.0019). There were no mean differences (p>0.05) between the low and elevated risk groups for BMI, serum cholesterol, fasting glucose, or leg press 1RM. The low risk group had lower CRP (114.7%, p=0.0002), higher CD14+CD16- (classical) monocytes (6.7%; p=0.0231) and fewer CD14+CD16+ (inflammatory) monocytes (46.2%; p=0.0243) than the elevated risk group. The low risk group also had a lower percentage of CD14+CD16- monocytes that were positive for TLR4 (14.0%; p=0.0328). Older men and women with fewer cardio-metabolic risk factors had lower serum and cellular markers of inflammation and higher aerobic capacity.","PeriodicalId":12073,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Gerontology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45416276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}