European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Stabilising indocyanine green J-aggregate theranostics in biological milieu via liposomal envelopment.","authors":"Hamoud Alotaibi, Taher Hatahet, Wafa' T Al-Jamal","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indocyanine green (ICG) J-aggregate (IJA) is a self-assembled ICG with a red-shift absorption band, enabling better tissue penetration than the monomeric ICG. Despite its superior photoacoustic imaging capabilities and heating stability to ICG, IJA suffers from low optical stability in aqueous and biological media, jeopardising their biomedical applications. The present work focused on loading p-IJA into liposomes to enhance their promising therapeutic and imaging applications. To optimise IJA loading into liposomes, we investigated the effect of lipid bilayer composition (lipid melting points, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀, and lipid charge) on the encapsulation of pre-formed IJA (p-IJA) into liposomes. Our findings showed the significance of high melting point lipids, high cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀ contents for persevering p-IJA following loading into liposomes. Moreover, low percentages (∼5 mol %) of positively charged (DOTAP) or negatively charged (DSPG) lipids could still be incorporated into our liposomes without affecting p-IJA loading. Promisingly, p-IJA-liposomes enhanced p-IJA optical stability in a range of biological media, such as serum proteins, blood and collagen. Finally, lyophilised p-IJA-liposomes for long-term storage were successfully prepared. The present study solely focused on evaluating the enhanced photothermal stability of p-IJA following liposome envelopment. Nevertheless, our lipid-enveloped p-IJA could offer a biodegradable and stable platform for multimodal applications, including photoacoustic imaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic (PDT), nanobubble-mediated ablation, and combination therapy with chemotherapeutics agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":"114747"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144086144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of tear fluid properties on physicochemical, mucoadhesion and ocular penetration characteristics of transfersomes","authors":"Santosh Bhujbal ,&nbsp;Priyanka Agarwal ,&nbsp;Soma Sengupta ,&nbsp;Cornelia M. Keck ,&nbsp;Ilva D. Rupenthal","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to changes in the tear fluid properties in dry eye disease (DED), eye drop performance may be altered. This study investigated the impact of tear fluid properties on the physicochemical, mucoadhesion and ocular penetration characteristics of transfersome (TFS) eye drops. Specifically, the effect of tear fluid pH and osmolarity on vesicle size, polydispersibility index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) of unloaded as well as curcumin- and tonabersat-loaded TFS were studied. Finally, the effect of altered tear fluid properties on corneal penetration of curcumin TFS was investigated using ex vivo porcine corneo-scleral discs. A significant increase in vesicle size and PDI was observed for curcumin and tonabersat TFS suspended in healthy and DED tears compared to water. Moreover, the ZP measured in water shifted towards neutral in the case of healthy and DED tears, suggesting reduced electrostatic stability of the vesicles. Deeper tissue penetration was observed for curcumin TFS suspended in water compared to TFS suspended in healthy tears, with significantly less penetration for TFS mixed with DED tears. This study confirmed that tear fluid properties significantly influence TFS characteristics and thus their penetration ability, highlighting the importance of evaluating ocular drug delivery systems under physiological conditions that reflect the disease state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 114745"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small milk-derived extracellular vesicles: Suitable vehicles for oral drug delivery?","authors":"Nidhi Seegobin ,&nbsp;Marissa Taub ,&nbsp;Cécile Vignal ,&nbsp;Christophe Waxin ,&nbsp;Victoria Chris ,&nbsp;Atheer Awad ,&nbsp;Sudaxshina Murdan ,&nbsp;Abdul W Basit","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current treatments for inflammatory bowel disease often fail due to systemic side effects, but bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise for targeted delivery to inflamed gut tissue via the leaky gut effect. This study assessed the stability of EVs as drug carriers in simulated gastrointestinal (GI) fluids and their efficacy in a colitis mouse model. EVs were characterised after incubation in PBS at various pH levels, and their lipid bilayer stability in biorelevant GI fluids was evaluated using the polar probe laurdan. Two small molecules, acridine orange (lipophilic) and riboflavin (hydrophilic), were loaded into EVs to test their release under GI conditions, while unloaded EVs were investigated for therapeutic effect via oral gavage or rectal enema in a colitis mouse model. Although no significant changes in EVs’ physical properties were observed at different pH levels, lipid bilayer damage was evident in acidic (p ≤ 0.05) and enzyme-rich environments (p ≤ 0.01). Acridine orange release was significant (p ≤ 0.05), but<!--> <!-->riboflavin remained encapsulated, and no therapeutic effect was observed with unloaded EVs <em>in vivo</em>. These results suggest that physical characterisation alone does not reflect EV stability, that bovine milk EVs have limited potential for oral drug delivery and are better suited for hydrophilic drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 114744"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceftriaxone-loaded albumin-based nanoparticles incorporated into in situ ionic sensitive nasal gels: Development, characterization, and nasal drug deposition studies","authors":"Sandra Aulia Mardikasari ,&nbsp;Gábor Katona ,&nbsp;Laura Nižić Nodilo ,&nbsp;Anita Hafner ,&nbsp;Livije Kalogjera ,&nbsp;Dijana Zadravec ,&nbsp;László Orosz ,&nbsp;Katalin Burian ,&nbsp;György Tibor Balogh ,&nbsp;Ildikó Csóka","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ceftriaxone (CFT) is recommended as the drug of choice for the empirical treatment of bacterial meningitis. However, conventional drug delivery has difficulty in crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB), leading to insufficient therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, nasal drug administration emerged as a viable strategy, providing the opportunity for brain-targeted delivery to reach effective brain concentrations. In this work, we present the development of <em>in situ</em> nasal gels of CFT-loaded albumin nanoparticles for nose-to-brain delivery. The obtained formulations were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, expansion coefficient, droplet size distribution, <em>in vitro</em> drug release, permeability assay, nasal deposition studies, and antibacterial activities. The BBB-PAMPA permeability assay showed that the <em>in situ</em> nasal gels CFT formulation with 0.2% gellan gum (CFT-GG0.2%) has the highest permeation flux of all. Moreover, nasal deposition studies utilizing a 3D-printed human nasal cavity model revealed that CFT-GG0.2% was able to provide higher CFT concentration in the olfactory area. Interestingly, the developed <em>in situ</em> nasal gels formulation could successfully retain the antibacterial activities of CFT against <em>S. agalactiae, H. influenzae,</em> and <em>N. meningitidis</em>. Altogether, the <em>in situ</em> nasal gels formulation has the potential as a suitable delivery platform for CFT administration through the nose-to-brain delivery pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 114743"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advancements of Raman spectroscopy application in topical products","authors":"Jing Pan ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Liu ,&nbsp;Haiwu Yang ,&nbsp;Xiufeng Xu ,&nbsp;Fang Tian ,&nbsp;Keith C. Gordon ,&nbsp;Cushla M. McGoverin ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Topical products have gained popularity in the recent years. Diverse formulation types, complex composition, and thermodynamically instable nature present great challenges in the formulation development of topical products. The analytical methods available for topical formulation analysis and quality control are limited. To improve formulation development of various topical products, especially when API is suspended as a crystalline form in the formulation or recrystallizes during application, methods for topical formulation performance analysis and evaluation are of vital importance. In this article, we review advancements in applying Raman spectroscopy to the characterization and evaluation of topical product performance. Furthermore, the potential application of artificial intelligence combined with Raman spectroscopy in enhancing topical formulation development in the future will be presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 114738"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexipill: A novel 3D printed flexible dose combination for hypertension with a floating element","authors":"Yasir Karkar ,&nbsp;Tanzeela Anis ,&nbsp;Amal Ali Elkordy ,&nbsp;Ahmed Faheem","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypertension is highly prevalent worldwide, affecting approximately one in three adults. The pathophysiology of hypertension is multifactorial, which led recent guidelines to recommend the initiation of treatment with more than one antihypertensive agent. This exacerbates the existing issue of polypharmacy, particularly among geriatric patients. Polypharmacy can lead to a reduction in patient adherence to the treatment. As a result, many clinical studies have investigated using fixed-dose combinations to address this issue. These studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a polypill in improving patient adherence. However, a polypill limits the flexibility for dose titration and personalisation of treatment. Therefore, when 3D printing was first introduced to pharmaceutical formulation, researchers recognised the potential of this technology for drug personalisation and the creation of more flexible drug combinations. Nonetheless, regulatory concerns still limit the translation of these research efforts into clinical applications that can benefit the patient. Consequently, this study seeks to bridge the existing gap by identifying a balanced approach between regulatory requirements and the concept of personalised drug combinations.</div><div>The Flexipill is a flexible dose combination that does not require printing at the pharmacy level. It can be printed at a quality-controlled facility and assembled according to patient needs at the point of care. In this work, an antihypertensive Flexipill was printed, with each unit having different drug release profiles and formulation requirements. The propranolol HCl unit was printed as a floating unit to improve its solubility and bioavailability. It floated for 9 h, releasing over 90 % of the drug content. The enalapril maleate unit was formulated to avoid thermal degradation by printing at 150 °C, which is lower than its degradation temperature. Moreover, hydrochlorothiazide was formulated to provide immediate release of over 90 % of the drug within the first hour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 114736"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating dosing accuracy and galenic dispersion quality in Hospital-Based pediatric spironolactone oral suspension.","authors":"Desquines Roxanne, Gallissot Romain, Viard Caroline, Metsu David, Ramjaun Zoubeir, Jurado Camille","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compounded oral suspensions of spironolactone are commonly used in pediatric patients with heart conditions. However, due to its poor solubility in water, spironolactone suspensions may lead to sedimentation, compromising homogeneity and dose accuracy. This study aimed to assess dose accuracy of spironolactone suspension in critical care settings. Over one month in 2020 and 2022, samples prepared by nurses in Pediatric (PICU) and Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) were collected and analysed using an HPLC/UV validated method to evaluate dose deviations from target. Educational interventions on suspension preparation were conducted between the two periods. In 2020, only 28% (NICU) and 0% (PICU) of samples met target dose with greater variability in PICU. After educational intervention from the pharmacy teams, in 2022 improvements were observed, but underdosing and variability remained significant, reflecting ongoing challenges in suspension homogeneity. These findings highlight the need for a more stable pediatric formulation to enhance patient safety and treatment effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":"114741"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metallomic evaluation of selenium nanoparticles and selenomethionine for the attenuation of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity","authors":"Alejandro Iglesias-Jiménez,&nbsp;Gema Artiaga,&nbsp;Estefanía Moreno-Gordaliza,&nbsp;M. Milagros Gómez-Gómez","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nephrotoxicity is one of the most limiting side effects in oncologic patients treated with cisplatin and is still clinically unresolved. In this work, chitosan-stabilised selenium nanoparticles (Ch-SeNPs) and selenomethionine (SeMet) have been evaluated as nephroprotectors of cisplatin using renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC/TERT1) as a model. Moreover, the antineoplastic efficacy of cisplatin co-administered with these selenocompounds has been tested in cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Cell viability, cell localisation of Ch-SeNPs and changes in the morphology and cell ultrastructure, Pt and Se cellular internalisation and cisplatin binding to DNA, and speciation of Pt and Se in the cytosolic extracts were evaluated by MTT assays, transmission electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and both size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and anion exchange chromatography (AEC) coupled to either ICP-MS or UV–Vis. Differences in the pharmacological activity of the two selenospecies were observed. SeMet exerted a moderate protection on kidney cells while reducing their degree of cisplatin intracellular accumulation and DNA binding in both cell lines, but the antitumour effect of cisplatin was not significantly altered. Conversely, Ch-SeNPs did not impair the Pt-drug uptake or DNA binding in any cell type; and even increased its antitumour effect, which might enable using lower doses of cisplatin without loss of anticancer efficacy, which would result in decreased risk of renotoxicity. Furthermore, cells incubated either with SeMet or SeNPs showed higher levels of selenoproteins, which might enhance cellular defences against the reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in cisplatin renotoxicity. Hence, both selenocompounds are envisioned as potential coadjuvants to reduce the risk of kidney impairment in future treatments with cisplatin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 114737"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing blending efficiency and in vitro aerosol performance of low-dose inhalable dry powders with spray freeze dried microparticles","authors":"Xinghao Zhang,&nbsp;Shen Yan,&nbsp;Jiantao Wu,&nbsp;Yue Xi,&nbsp;Jingye Ma,&nbsp;Chaojie Wu,&nbsp;Shengyu Zhang,&nbsp;Xiao Dong Chen,&nbsp;Winston Duo Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carrier-based dry powder inhaler (DPI) products deliver low-dose drugs to the lungs by blending micronized drug particles with carriers. Traditional methods for obtaining fine particles, such as milling or spray drying, are not suitable for high-value, heat-sensitive drugs. Hence, we propose a novel strategy for preparing carrier-based DPI products based on spray freeze dried (SFD) particles. Due to their spherical, porous, and brittle structure, they can be easily fragmented and uniformly attached to carriers under mild blending conditions. Additionally, these low-density fragments can detach from the carrier during inhalation, potentially achieving better pulmonary delivery performance. In this work, previously developed SFD ciprofloxacin/leucine particles were chosen as model particles, and commonly used lactose as carriers, then blended via TURBULA® T2F. The effects of model particle mass content, mechanical strength, carrier size distribution, blending time, and blending speed on both blending uniformity and <em>in vitro</em> aerosol performance were investigated. An image analysis method based on energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping images was proposed to rapidly determine blending uniformity, showing good correlation with concentration quantification methods. Optimized formulation (SFD-C₁, 3.6 % mass content) and process parameters (blending speed of 25 rpm for 10 min) render excellent blending uniformity and fine particle fraction (∼ 50.40 %). This strategy potentially expands the application field of carrier-based DPI products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 114740"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poloxamer407/gellan gum-based in situ hydrogels for ocular co-delivery of antibiotics and corticosteroids.","authors":"Mojtaba Fathollahzadeh Marandi, Azam Safary, Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia, Marziyeh Fathi, Jaleh Barar, Yadollah Omidi","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To tackle the ocular inflammation and infection, we developed a Poloxamer 407 (PM)-gellan gum (GG)-based in situ hydrogels containing (PM-GG) dexamethasone (DEX)-loaded chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (DEX-CSNPs), neomycin sulfate (NMS), and polymixin b sulfate (PMB). Such a hybrid hydrogel was developed for the localized co-delivery of antibiotics and corticosteroids. The physicochemical properties of DEX-CSNPs (i.e., size: 286 nm, zeta potential: 20.3, entrapment efficiency: 29.4 %, and loading capacity: 6.5 %) displayed their suitability for ocular applications. To have the desired mucoadhesive hydrogel system, various combinations of GG and PM were examined. The mixture of 0.1 % GG and 16.5 % PM showed a significant increase in viscosity compared to 16.5 % PM alone. The porous structure of hydrogels was also observed from the SEM analysis, in which the pore size of PM gel decreased with the addition of GG. The PM-GG hydrogels reached less swelling percentage compared to PM hydrogels due to the higher viscosity of PM-GG hydrogels. Additionally, drug release studies and the antimicrobial test showed prolonged and effective release of drugs from PM-GG in situ hydrogels. Cell viability assay showed that the optimized formulation is well tolerated by cells with no obvious toxic effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Collectively, the designed formulation is proposed as a novel drug delivery system for ocular codelivery of antibiotics and corticosteroids.</p>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":"114739"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143974842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}