European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"PredicDiff™: a computational tool for the prediction of PERLs concentrations based on extractables data","authors":"Nicole Heider,&nbsp;Alicja Sobańtka","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PredicDiff™, a computational modeling tool that allows fitting diffusion curves to process equipment related leachables (PERLs) is presented. Based on the measurement of extractables (analytical data), Fick’s second law of diffusion, and a Trust Region Rebounds based fitting algorithm (optimize.curve_fit from Scipy), the Python-based model fits a diffusion curve to each extractable/PERL thus allowing the determination of the PERL amount after any arbitrary contact time and temperature for example, the actual production conditions. In addition, PredicDiff™ delivers the system’s diffusion- and partition coefficients and the equilibrium concentration. Three case studies are presented: 1) interpolation of ε-caprolactam from a polysulfone disconnector from 24 h to 2 h, 2) adjustment of the diffusion of ε-caprolactam from a polysulfone disconnector from 40 °C to 21 °C, and 3) extrapolation of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from an ultra-low-density polyethylene (ULDPE) bag from 70 to 90 days. In addition, the usability of PredicDiff™ for inter- or extrapolation of an unidentified extractable from a silicone tubing is shown. In the first case, after a contact time of 2 h, the concentration and hence, also patient exposure to ε-caprolactam is reduced by 70 % in comparison to the extractable value after 24 h. In the second case, further adjustment based on contact temperature (21 °C vs. 40 °C) gives a total reduction of 87 %. In the third case, the concentration and therefore, also patient exposure to 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol increases by 2.6 % if storage is prolonged from 70 days to 90 days. PredicDiff™ has no limitations on the types of extractables (including those whose identities are not elucidated) or concentration ranges. Based on the remodeling of diffusion curves from literature and the calculation of extractables amounts from studies (analytical data), it is shown that PredicDiff™ provides reliable results within an acceptable range of uncertainty. Inter- and extrapolated PERLs can support the extractables and leachables (E&amp;L) risk management by quickly calculating a more realistic concentration and ultimately, patient exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 107108"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calibration transfer and maintenance in the pharmaceutical industry: a systematic review","authors":"Ahmed Ramadan,&nbsp;Giverny Robert,&nbsp;Romain Kersaudy,&nbsp;Maroua Rouabah,&nbsp;Nicolas Abatzoglou,&nbsp;Ryan Gosselin","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective calibration transfer is essential for ensuring accurate and reliable measurements on altering one or more components of spectroscopic measurements, including the spectrometers, sample characteristics, environmental conditions, and measurement settings. Taking a unique perspective, this review aims to provide a guide for pharmaceutical researchers, offering insights into calibration transfer and maintenance applications. The systematic review lists all documented applications of calibration transfer and maintenance algorithms in the pharmaceutical industry up until the time of manuscript preparation. These studies covered various types of calibration transfer scenarios, including intravendor, intervendor, different spectral technologies, and transfers from benchtop to miniaturized instruments. Calibration maintenance cases revealed sources of variation like production scale, temperature changes, sample physical properties, and varied dynamic nature of processes. The review links algorithms to practice while highlighting research gaps. These gaps include limited applications on semi-solid or liquid pharmaceutical products, limited inline applications, and a lack of consensus on best practices. By addressing these shortcomings, this review contributes to advancing calibration transfer in the pharmaceutical industry, supporting precise measurements, improved process control, and the development of high-quality pharmaceutical products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolving value and validity of animal models in veterinary therapeutic research: Impact of scientific progress","authors":"Marilyn N. Martinez ,&nbsp;Jonathan P. Mochel ,&nbsp;Pierre-Louis Toutain","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In veterinary medicine, experimental <em>in vivo</em> animal models have long been integral to advancing our understanding of disease mechanisms and assessing the safety and efficacy of potential therapies. However, the value and validity of these models warrants reassessment in light of emerging scientific evidence, evolving standards in animal welfare, and the development of alternative methodologies. Such a reassessment is essential for maintaining ethical scientific practices and ensuring that research approaches remain both relevant and justifiable, especially as our awareness of animal pain, sentience, and consciousness deepens. While interspecies extrapolation of findings from these models poses challenges when applied to human medicine, what about cases where an animal species serves as both the experimental subject and the intended veterinary patient? Additionally, what alternative tools are potentially available to replace <em>in vivo</em> studies in these contexts? This commentary explores how veterinary research may improve efforts to meet the principles of the 3R’s by integrating alternative <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in silico</em> models early in the investigative process and utilizing specialized tools within the target veterinary population during clinical trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 107111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-dependent outcomes of bioequivalence studies in the absence of any sex-by-formulation effects on the drug absorption: Examining theoretical possibilities","authors":"Maitri Sanghavi ,&nbsp;Anyu Lin ,&nbsp;Elliot Warwick ,&nbsp;Amin Rostami-Hodjegan","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arguments for including female volunteers in bioequivalence (BE) studies focus on achieving equity when drugs are intended for use in both sexes. Virtual bioequivalence (VBE) studies in female populations offer an alternative approach to address the gap, especially with ability to delineate likely differences in the outcome of BE using sex-related inputs in physiology and biology.</div><div>Whilst sex-by-formulation effects are suggested based on some animal studies, no research has comprehensively addressed sex-dependent BE outcomes, particularly in the absence of such effects on absorption. This study provides a theoretical background to potential sex-dependent outcomes in BE. It is demonstrated that, for a given difference between rate of absorption of a reference (R) and test (T) products, that is similar in both sexes, the impact on C_max as one of the BE assessment indices might be sex dependent. Various hypothetical scenarios within realistic boundaries of pharmacokinetic parameters [25–100% for absorption rate (k_a) of T vs. R, and up to 4-fold difference in elimination rate (k_e) between sexes] were tested. These simulations identified parameter spaces where BE outcomes diverged between males and females. The observed effects are linked to sex-dependent differences in elimination, influenced by variations in volume of distribution or enzyme abundance affecting clearance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced pulmonary delivery of spray-dried theophylline: investigation of the trehalose and amino acid combinations as innovative fine carriers","authors":"Lomass Soliman ,&nbsp;Petra Party ,&nbsp;Attila Nagy ,&nbsp;Árpád Farkas ,&nbsp;Dóra Paróczai ,&nbsp;Katalin Burián ,&nbsp;Rita Ambrus","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of novel carrier systems for dry powder inhalers is an attractive research subject. Additionally, the site-specific pulmonary delivery of theophylline (THN) remains challenging. Therefore, the present research aims to assess the potential enhancement of THN local delivery to the deep lung via powder inhalation for asthma treatment by developing appropriate fine carriers utilizing the well-established spray-drying technique.</div><div>The preliminary study aimed to develop novel trehalose-based carrier systems combined with amino acids leucine, glycine, and arginine. Aqueous feedstock solutions were spray-dried, and the obtained microparticulate carriers were assessed. Subsequently, therapeutic powders were produced by spray drying ethanol 10 % solutions of THN combined with candidate-developed carriers. Following each sample preparation, it was subjected to structural, thermal, morphological, rheological, aerodynamic, and particle size distribution characterization. Furthermore, THN solubility was determined. <em>In vitro</em> drug release and diffusion, <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in silico</em> simulated lung deposition, and aerodynamic particle count were analyzed by applying samples equivalent to 10 mg of THN.</div><div>To summarize the outcomes, carriers composed of trehalose with either leucine or a leucine-glycine combination demonstrated superior respirable properties and were considered candidates for further development. THN co-spray-dried samples showed less crystalline structure and particle size of 4–5 µm, leading to profound solubility enhancement (⁓20 fold) and rapid drug release compared to the pure THN (⁓100 % in 5 min). The <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in silico</em> aerodynamic measurements demonstrated that the THN-trehalose-leucine combination had a significantly enhanced fine particle fraction (43 %), leading to higher deep lung deposition (36 %), and the aerodynamic counter confirmed the development of fine particles (mean=3.61 µm). Moreover, the <em>in vitro</em> experiments on the A549 cells demonstrated that the optimized formulation has a low cytotoxicity profile.</div><div>In conclusion, the acquired characteristics suggest that inhalable co-spray-dried THN with the trehalose-leucine fine carrier may be a practical approach for local asthma therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of indication restrictions made by European regulatory action for antibiotics – amoxicillin","authors":"Aleksandra Opalska ,&nbsp;Marcel Kwa ,&nbsp;Hubert Leufkens","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Antibiotics are important tools in the armamentarium for treating infectious diseases. In Europe most available antibiotics have been licensed in the past through so-called national procedures, meaning that antibiotic labels (e.g., therapeutic indications, posology, contra-indications) may vary across European member states. As a result, antibiotics are prescribed in the EU with different directions of use. This study aims to evaluate whether on streamlining the product information of antibiotics in the period 2007–2020 has been sufficiently implemented. Specifically, it examines whether member states and pharmaceutical companies have fulfilled their obligation to update the therapeutic indication sections of the amoxicillin containing medicines label according to the outcomes of the referral.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We performed a follow-up of the previous study measuring five years after the referral’s conclusion and decision whether and how complete the indication sections of the product information for one of 15 antibiotics that underwent referral procedures during the previous study period (2007–2020) were updated. We have chosen amoxicillin as case example for this study as it is the most frequently used antibiotic in the primary care setting, and the referral took place mid-term 2007–2020,–with a conclusion in 2015.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total we could identify 806 medicinal products with an active pharmaceutical ingredient amoxicillin available in 2015 across 30 EEA countries and the UK. We found that in 22 % (176 out of 806) amoxicillin products still included therapeutic indications that should have been removed from the SmPC following the 2015 referral procedure. The most frequent therapeutic indications that were incorrectly still listed in the indication sections of the product information were endocarditis treatment (oral formulation) in 55 % (97 out of 176 products), followed by lower respiratory tract infections 49 % (87 out of 176 products), and upper respiratory tract infections 46 % (81 out of 176 products).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Inconsistencies in therapeutic indications continue to pose challenges, potentially impacting the safe and effective use of antibiotics. Such discrepancies can lead to misuse or inappropriate prescribing of crucial antibiotics, contributing to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. Our study highlights the importance of following up on and verifying the implementation of finalized regulatory procedures at EU level. Further research is needed to understand the root causes of incomplete implementations, possibly also due to incomplete updates of the EMA Article 57 database.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of 3′-modified xylofuranosyl nucleosides bearing 5′-silyl or -butyryl groups and their antiviral effect against RNA viruses","authors":"Miklós Bege ,&nbsp;Krisztina Leiner ,&nbsp;Miklós Lovas ,&nbsp;Réka Pető ,&nbsp;Ilona Bereczki ,&nbsp;Jan Hodek ,&nbsp;Jan Weber ,&nbsp;Anett Kuczmog ,&nbsp;Anikó Borbás","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>D-xylofuranosyl nucleoside analogues bearing alkylthio and glucosylthio substituents at the C3′-position were prepared by photoinitiated radical-mediated hydrothiolation reactions from the corresponding 2′,5′-di-O-silyl-3′-exomethylene uridine. Sequential desilylation and 5′-O-butyrylation of the 3′-thiosubstituted molecules produced a 24-membered nucleoside series with diverse substitution patterns, and the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against three dangerous human RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2, SINV and CHIKV. Eight compounds exhibited SARS-CoV-2 activity with low micromolar EC₅₀ values in Vero E6 cells, and two of them also inhibited virus growth in human Calu cells. The best anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was exhibited by 2′,5′-di-O-silylated 3′-C-alkylthio nucleosides. Twelve compounds showed in vitro antiviral activity against CHIKV and fourteen against SINV with low micromolar EC₅₀ values, with the 5′-butyryl-2′-silyl-3′-alkylthio substitution pattern being the most favorable against both viruses. In the case of the tested nucleosides, removal of the 2′-O-silyl group completely abolished the antiviral activity of the compounds against all three viruses. Overall, the most potent antiviral agent was the disilylated 3′-glucosylthio xylonucleoside, which showed excellent and specific antiviral activity against SINV with an EC₅₀ value of 3 μM and no toxic effect at the highest tested concentration of 120 μM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107107"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun poly(ester-carbonate)/poly(carbonate-urethane) membranes with controlled drug release for potential use in abdominal surgery","authors":"J. Wlodarczyk ,&nbsp;M. Musial-Kulik ,&nbsp;K. Jelonek ,&nbsp;M. Pastusiak ,&nbsp;M. Stojko ,&nbsp;A. Hercog ,&nbsp;H. Janeczek ,&nbsp;P. Chaber ,&nbsp;M. Sobota ,&nbsp;J. Kasperczyk","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surgical meshes and patches used in abdominal surgery, despite their effectiveness, have a number of disadvantages that may lead to complications. This is due to the properties of the materials used for their construction and the structure of the implant itself. This paper presents an attempt to obtain an implant material, that could be used in surgery, combining the advantages of biodegradable and non-degradable polymers, while eliminating their weaknesses, additionally providing the possibility of using local pharmacotherapy. For this purpose a poly(caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate) blend with a 10% addition of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCLTMC:PCL) was utilized as a biodegradable drug carrier. Using a dual-jet electrospinning method, the blend was interlaced with non-degradable poly(carbonate-urethane) (PCU) nanofibers of varying hydrophilicity, forming semi-fibrous membranes. The primary aim of the research was to obtain control over drugs release kinetics simultaneously maintaining stable mechanical properties of membranes during incubation <em>in vitro</em>. These objectives were achieved through the use of a specific gradient structure design, enriched with a drug-releasing fraction at the surface and PCU in the core. It was observed that the hydrophilicity of membranes influenced the mechanisms and rate of the diffusion of water to the bulk and the drugs along with degradation by-products to the incubation medium. Additionally, the gradient structure enabled control over the permeation of low-molecular-weight model compound from one side of the membrane to the other. The results also demonstrated that the number of fibroblasts adsorbed on the membrane surface depended primarily on its morphology and hydrophilicity, suggesting the potential to achieve favourable integration with tissues. The developed material exhibits significant potential for applications in abdominal surgery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 107105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of a model characterizing the release characteristics of a new letrozole long-acting injectable formulation","authors":"Adriana Castiñeiras Pardines ,&nbsp;Gema López Ginés ,&nbsp;Gastón García Orueta ,&nbsp;Iñaki F․ Trocóniz","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Treating a chronic condition such as breast cancer usually requires daily oral drug administration for extended periods of time, which is associated with non-adherence to the prescribed therapy that may cause disease progression. New delivery strategies such as long-acting injectable (LAI) implants have entered the picture in order to solve oral administration drawbacks while improving bioavailability, plasma levels variability or treatment compliance. This has motivated the development of a new polymeric and biodegradable <em>in situ</em> forming long-acting implant of letrozole. This new formulation is provided as a kit of two syringes (one of them containing letrozole and Poly-Lactic Acid, and the other one containing dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent for reconstitution). Once the formulation is reconstituted and injected into the muscle, the solvent diffuses into tissue fluids and the insoluble polymer precipitates, forming a semi-solid implant that traps the API and allows a sustained drug release. In order to optimize both the formulation and the development process, traditional <em>in vitro</em> dissolution assessment and predictive dissolution modelling were conducted to identify which formulation characteristics show an impact on the kinetics of the release, which may provide a first basis to potentially establish an <em>in vitro-in vivo</em> correlation (IVIVC) with both pre-clinical and clinical data in the future. Two dissolution methods (real-time and accelerated) were used to describe the <em>in vitro</em> dissolution profiles of 15 letrozole LAI formulations differing on their Critical Material Attributes (CMAs). The release profiles were best described using the Weibull distribution and estimating the fraction of the dose loss during injection. The first order rate constant of release (K_D) was increased by 1.87 times in the case of the accelerated conditions, and was 30 % reduced and increased by 1.34 times in the case of higher and lower viscosity of the formulations, respectively. This work allowed for quantitative characterization of the formulation related characteristics responsible for controlling drug release. It provides a new understanding of the formulation that will serve to guide in the development of a robust formulation and to establish product quality control specifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107103"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro biophysical and biological profiling of commercial lipid-based dry eye products","authors":"Janika Jäntti ,&nbsp;Tuomo Viitaja ,&nbsp;Julia Sevón ,&nbsp;Jukka Moilanen ,&nbsp;Tatu Lajunen ,&nbsp;Katja Pajula ,&nbsp;Filip. S. Ekholm ,&nbsp;Marika Ruponen","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is an increasing number of products available for treatment of dry eye disease (DED), thereby creating a challenge in selecting a suitable product. Commercial products have rarely been studied in the same experimental setup, and in the case of lipid-based products, their baseline capabilities to target central defects of DED requires a more thorough investigation. This study aims to discern potential differences in their abilities to stabilize the tear film, reduce the evaporation of water, and impact on corneal epithelial cell viability and recovery utilizing various biophysical and biological <em>in vitro</em> techniques.</div><div>Seven commercial lipid-based eye drops (Cationorm®, Desodrop®, Evotears®, Oxyal® Triple Action, Puro™ Suoja, Systane® Complete, Thealipid®) were selected for the <em>in vitro</em> biophysical and biological profiling studies. Biophysical properties critical for tear film stability and evaporation reduction were evaluated using Langmuir trough techniques, while cell viability and recovery were assessed by an MTT assay after exposing either healthy or damaged human corneal epithelial cells to the products.</div><div>The majority of the products spread reasonably well at the aqueous-air interface, suggesting that they bear intrinsic properties which may be beneficial to improving the coverage of the tear film lipid layer. However, only subtle evaporation reduction capabilities were observed, indicating that the products are not optimal at targeting this defect. Clear differences in cell viability and recovery were observed, with three of the products being able to promote the recovery of damaged cells. The significance of our findings with regards to DED treatment outcomes will require additional studies in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12018,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}