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Land drainage as a factor in "red tide" development. 土地排水是“红潮”发展的一个因素。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509435841
A Prakash
{"title":"Land drainage as a factor in \"red tide\" development.","authors":"A Prakash","doi":"10.1080/00139307509435841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509435841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the exact mechanisms and factors of red tides are not fully understood, red tides are essentially a coastal phenomenon. The role of land drainage in the modification of coastal waters is discussed. The role of other factors (salinity, biologically active substances, etc.) that are altered by the process of land drainage is analyzed and correlated to experimental evidence derived from laboratory-grown dinoflagellate cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"9 2","pages":"121-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509435841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12416060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Surface and gas-phase resistances to the evaporation of droplets. 液滴蒸发的表面和气相阻力。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509437438
J T Zung
{"title":"Surface and gas-phase resistances to the evaporation of droplets.","authors":"J T Zung","doi":"10.1080/00139307509437438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509437438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attempt has been made to asses quantitatively the magnitudes of both the gas-phase resistance and the surface resistance to the evaporation of droplets and to determine the transition point at which the evaporation changes from a diffusion-controlled to a surface-controlled process. This transition point is strongly dependent upon the ambient pressure and the droplet size. It is found that at atmospheric pressure the particle radius at which the transition takes place is in the range of 1 - 10mu for water, 0.1mu for n-dibutylphthalate, 0.1 - 1.0mu for mercury, and 0.001mu for liquid helium. Furthermore, we have found that the surface resistance and the gas-phase resistance vary with the size of the droplet in opposite direction, leading to the existence of a maximum rate of evaporation at a certain value of the droplet radius, this radius being dependent upon the characteristics of the liquid concerned. This conclusion may be useful in the search for an optimum and most efficient method of combustion of fuel sprays in automotive engines, gas turbines, and oil-burning power plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"8 4","pages":"283-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509437438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12327226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A simple drift measurement technique for industrial cooling towers. 一种简单的工业冷却塔漂移测量技术。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509437445
M A Kessick, D M Pipes, J V Matson
{"title":"A simple drift measurement technique for industrial cooling towers.","authors":"M A Kessick,&nbsp;D M Pipes,&nbsp;J V Matson","doi":"10.1080/00139307509437445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509437445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drift loss rate was measured for three induced draft cooling towers by following the decrease in concentration of two conservative additives in the recirculating water during operation with no blowdown and normal makeup. The method described is simple and inexpensive and provides information essential in water use planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"8 4","pages":"353-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509437445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12327232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A study of the N2O5-SO2-O3 reaction system. N2O5-SO2-O3反应体系的研究。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509437424
R L Daubendiek, J G Calvert
{"title":"A study of the N2O5-SO2-O3 reaction system.","authors":"R L Daubendiek,&nbsp;J G Calvert","doi":"10.1080/00139307509437424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509437424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infrared spectroscopy was used to follow the rates of the chemical changes in gaseous N(2)O(5)-SO(2) and N(2)O(5)-SO(2)-O(3) mixtures. Several results of interest to atmospheric scientists were obtained. (I) SO(3) was not a detectable product of these reaction systems, and no significant SO(2) removal occurred. From the kinetic treatment of these results, estimates were derived for the upper limits of the rate constants of the reactions 1 and 2: NO(3) + SO(2) leads to NO(2) + SO(3) (1); N2O5 +SO2 leads to N(2)O(4) + SO(3) (2); k(1) less than or equal to 4.2 1. mole-minus 1sec-minus 1; k(2) less than or equal to 2.5 x 10-minus 2 1. mole-minus1sec-minus 1 at 30 degrees C. These data suggest that reactions 1 and 2 are not important removal paths for SO(2) in the sunlight irradiated, NO(x)hydrocarbon polluted atmospheres. (II) The near ultraviolet absorption spectrum of pure N(2)O(5) has been determined. From these results and estimates of the actinic irradiance, it was shown that the rate of photochemical decomposition of N(2)O(5) by the absorption of solar light in the urban atmosphere is an unimportant factor among the reactions which establish the N(2)O(5) and NO(3) concentrations. (III) It has been observed that gaseous SO(3) and NO(2) react rapidly to form a relatively nonvolatile white solid. Preliminary data suggest a 1:1 mole ratio for this adduct. The significance, if any, of this and related compounds in urban aerosol formation must be evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"8 2","pages":"103-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509437424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12310755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
A comparison of food habits of white perch (Morone americana) in the heated effluent canal of a steam electric station and in an adjacent river system. 在蒸汽发电站的加热排出管和邻近的河流系统中，美洲白鲈(Morone americana)食物习性的比较。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509437441
C J Moore, S L Fuller, D T Burton
{"title":"A comparison of food habits of white perch (Morone americana) in the heated effluent canal of a steam electric station and in an adjacent river system.","authors":"C J Moore,&nbsp;S L Fuller,&nbsp;D T Burton","doi":"10.1080/00139307509437441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509437441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Analysis of the stomach contents of 97 white perch, Morone americana, taken from the effluent canal of a steam electric station (S.E.S.) and 106 white perch from adjacent Patuxent River waters indicated similar food habits from September 1970 through August 1971. However, 35% of all white perch taken from the heated effluent canal contained small pieces of coal and cinders, whereas only 3% of the river specimens contained such items in their stomachs. Fly ash and coal dust are present on the bottom of the S.E.S. canal, whereas little such material, if any, can be found on the river bottom in the study area. This suggests the canal fish were actively feeding in the heated effluent and not simply moving into the canal after feeding in the river. No significant difference (Pgreater than0.05) was found between the average wet weight stomach contents of the river and canal fish within the same mouth.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"8 4","pages":"315-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509437441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12327228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish by selective extraction and polarography. 选择性萃取极谱法测定鱼类和贝类中亚砷酸盐和砷酸盐。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509437447
J Reinke, J F Uthe, H C Freeman, J R Johnston
{"title":"The determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish by selective extraction and polarography.","authors":"J Reinke,&nbsp;J F Uthe,&nbsp;H C Freeman,&nbsp;J R Johnston","doi":"10.1080/00139307509437447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509437447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arsenite ion, as arsenic trichloride was extracted into benzene from strongly acidified tissue homogenates. Following this, arsenite was extracted from the benzene into water, made up in 1N HCl and analyzed polarographically. Arsenate ion, left in the homogenate after arsenite extraction is isolated in exactly the same way following treatment of the homogenate with cuprous ion to reduce arsenate to arsenite ion. Treatment of the acidified homogenate with cuprous ion prior to extraction gives a homogenate which is readily analyzed for total \"inorganic\" arsenic. The method was efficient to a maximum level of about 20 mug inorganic arsenic since at higher levels lower recoveries were found. Analysis of a variety of marine biological specimens, with levels of total arsenic up to 40.5 ppm, indicated little of this arsenic was present in an inorganic form. Post mortem reduction of arsenate to arsenite was found to occur rapidly in fish tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"8 4","pages":"371-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509437447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12327234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 23
Effect of anaerobic conditions in bottom waters on the occurrence of red tides at omura bay. 大村湾底水厌氧条件对赤潮发生的影响。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509435845
K Hirayama, S Iizuka
{"title":"Effect of anaerobic conditions in bottom waters on the occurrence of red tides at omura bay.","authors":"K Hirayama,&nbsp;S Iizuka","doi":"10.1080/00139307509435845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509435845","url":null,"abstract":"The field observation that the occurrence of red tides at Omura Bay may have a close connection with the development of anoxic conditions in bottom waters was tested by bioassays of seawater collected during summer 1971. The stimulating effect of anaerobically-decomposed products of bottom mud on the growth of Gymnodinium type-'65 was examined. The results suggest that the development of oxygen deficiency in the bottom waters of Omura Bay makes the environment favourable for the growth of red tide organisms, both by the supply of inorganic nutrients and of some unidentified stimulants.","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"9 2","pages":"167-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509435845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12415864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Formation of trihalomethanes by chlorination of surface water. 地表水氯化作用下三卤甲烷的形成。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509435822
W W Bunn, B B Haas, E R Deane, R D Kleopfer
{"title":"Formation of trihalomethanes by chlorination of surface water.","authors":"W W Bunn,&nbsp;B B Haas,&nbsp;E R Deane,&nbsp;R D Kleopfer","doi":"10.1080/00139307509435822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509435822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform, and dichloroiodomethane have been found in chlorinated drinking water. In addition to these five compounds, the other possible trihalomethanes (chlorodiiodomethane, bromochloroiodomethane, dibromoiodomethane, bromodiiodomethane, and iodoform) can also be formed by chlorination of surface water containing bromides and iodides. Mass spectra for each of these ten compounds were obtained.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"10 3","pages":"205-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509435822","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12389143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 77
P-32 uptake the letic algae. 海藻吸收P-32。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509437451
J R Stange, G D Williamson, D J Fletcher
{"title":"P-32 uptake the letic algae.","authors":"J R Stange,&nbsp;G D Williamson,&nbsp;D J Fletcher","doi":"10.1080/00139307509437451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509437451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study of the Flat Creek Embayment of Lake Sidney Lanier near Gainesville, Georgia revealed three genera of algae, Chlorococcum, Fragillaria and Nostoc, to be prominent in this eutrophic region of the lake. The algae was grown in phosphate-rich media and subsequently labelled with P-32. All species incorporated luxury amounts of phosphorus as determined by the uptake of P-32. The results indicate that the P-32 uptake is proportional to the surface-per-volume ratio. The higher surface-per-volume ratio resulted in greater uptake of P-32.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509437451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12360533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Nitrates in Wisconsin ground water. 威斯康星州地下水中的硝酸盐。
Environmental letters Pub Date : 1975-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509437459
B Schuknecht, G W Lawton, P Steinka, J J Delfino
{"title":"Nitrates in Wisconsin ground water.","authors":"B Schuknecht,&nbsp;G W Lawton,&nbsp;P Steinka,&nbsp;J J Delfino","doi":"10.1080/00139307509437459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307509437459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrate analyses were performed on ground water well samples originating from sources throughout Wisconsin. The data ranged from below the analytical detection limit up to 140 mg NO3-N/1. Over nine percent of all wells sampled has nitrate concentrations in excess of 10 mg NO3-N/1. Six individual counties had more than 10 mg NO3-N/1 in at least twenty percent of the wells covered in this survey. However, data reported for over eight thousand new wells driven in 1971-1972 showed only slightly more than two percent with nitrate levels above 10 mg NO3-N/1. This reflected the trend toward drilling deeper wells which are influenced less by nitrate seepage as well as adherence to new and stricter well construction codes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11979,"journal":{"name":"Environmental letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"91-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139307509437459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12360537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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