European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Study on diffusion mechanism of viscosity time-varying slurry in unsaturated soil based on displacement effect","authors":"Zhanlin Mu, Fengxi Zhou, Liye Wang","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2263058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2263058","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractTaking Bingham slurry as the research object, an infiltration diffusion model of Bingham slurry in unsaturated soil is established based on the seepage theory of unsaturated porous media, which takes into account the displacement effect and the viscosity time-varying characteristics of slurry. Combined with the seepage motion equation, relevant boundary conditions and interface conditions, the Bingham slurry diffusion equation considers grouting parameters and mechanical parameters is obtained. The research results are degraded to the saturated state and compared with the existing theoretical results. Numerical examples are used to study the influence of the above parameters on grouting pressure and slurry diffusion radius, then the diffusion mechanism of Bingham slurry is verified and analysed by model test. The above analysis and test results confirm the effectiveness and applicability of the research results, which can provide reliable theoretical support and technical reference for the design and construction of grouting engineering in unsaturated soil areas.Keywords: Bingham slurrydisplacement effectviscosity time-varyingunsaturated soilinfiltration diffusion model AcknowledgementsThe authors are grateful to the reviewers for their insightful and constructive comments.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data availability statementThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11962016 and 51978320) and the Foundation for Innovation Groups of Basic Research in Gansu Province (No. 20JR5RA478).","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135883340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible barrier and flow-driven woody debris: an experimental investigation of their interaction","authors":"Stéphane Lambert, Firmin Fontaine, Guillaume Piton","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2268706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2268706","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractFlexible barriers have been recently proposed as a promising alternative for trapping woody debris driven by the flow in torrents and rivers before they reach elements at risks. Small-scale experiments in similitude with the real-scale have been conducted in view of addressing the interaction between the flow and the barrier. A particular attention was paid to the identification of the parameters with influence on the loading experienced by the barrier, varying the woody debris mixtures characteristics, water discharge, flume inclination and woody debris supply mode. This investigation emphasised the intricacy of the relation between the barrier loading and the characteristics of the trapped logs and of the logs accumulation. The barrier loading revealed inversely proportional to the woody debris accumulation permittivity, which quantifies its capacity to let the water seep through. Permittivity depended on the way the accumulation built up and on the evolution of its characteristics with increasing discharge and trapped logs volume. Finally, the loading exerted by the flow on the barrier was derived from the barrier elongation, revealing that it could be modelled as a hydrostatic load with a reduction factor of 0.5.Keywords: driftwoodfloodflexible barrierflume experimentloading AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank Ana-Rocio CERON-MAYO who performed the experiments and contributed to the previous analysis, Hervé BELLOT and Alexis BUFFET for their help in designing the experimental set up and two anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on a previous version of this article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data availability statementAll data generated or used during the study are available in a repository online in accordance with funder data retention policies: FilTor: Interaction between flexible barriers and flows (INRAE), https://data.inrae.fr/dataverse/filtor, backwater rise and LW releases: https://doi.org/10.15454/RMIEJM, and flexible barrier elongation measurement: https://doi.org/10.15454/9HUDGG.Additional informationFundingThis work was funded by the French Ministry of Environment (Direction Générale de la Prévention des Risques—Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire) within the multirisk Agreement SRNH-IRSTEA 2019 (Action FILTOR).","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135758515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural performance of RC beams with openings shear strengthened by hybrid techniques (EBR/EBRIG)","authors":"Ahmed H. Abdel-Kareem, Mohamed Elprince, Mohamed. H. Makhlouf","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2268735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2268735","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractCreating the openings in the existing reinforced concrete (RC) beams causes sudden deterioration, especially in the shear zone. This study investigates the effectiveness of a novel strengthening technology using externally reinforced fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) strips in groves (EBRIG) on the shear behaviour of RC beams, compares it to that of externally reinforced (EBR) strips, and uses hybridisation between them to address the weakness brought on by the presence of an opening in the shear zone. Also, an innovative anchorage mechanism is suggested and studied to postpone the beginning of the strengthening system’s debonding. The strengthening material used in this research is glass fibre-reinforced polymers (GFRPs). For this study, 11 RC beams with an opening and a control beam without an opening, each measuring 120 × 300 × 2600 mm in size, were cast and subjected to the four-point loading test. All test beams had the same geometry and reinforcement details. The effect of the following parameters was investigated in this study: the dimension of the opening (square ‘150 × 150’ or rectangle ‘100 × 300’ mm), the strengthening technique used (externally bonded reinforcement [EBR], EBRIG and hybrid technique ‘EBRIG + EBR’) and the wrapping configuration of the strengthening (fully warped strips or U-shaped sheets with anchors). All techniques used raised the efficiency of shear resistance to approximate the fading effect of the opening, especially the technique of hybridising EBRIG and EBR. All strengthened beams showed an increase in the ultimate shear capacity ranging from 74% to 142% compared with the reference beams with the opening. The EBRIG technique shows numerous advantages over the EB system and can employ the strength of FRP materials. It also deals with the problems of weather factors that were facing EBR, and this is because of the covering that protects in the EBRIG technique. The technique to hybridize EBRIG and EBR was more effective at withstanding shear.Keywords: Reinforced concretefibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)strengtheningexternally bonded reinforcement in grove (EBRIG)hybridise EBRIG/EBR Data availability statementThe data that has been used is confidential.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136184853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on strong contact system by sub-network partitioning method for binary mixtures","authors":"Yang Liu, Zhouyi Yan","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2268691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2268691","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe contact network of binary mixtures can be divided into three contact sub-networks according to the branch vector length. A new method has been proposed for partitioning strong contact in binary mixtures. This method is based on the mean contact force of each sub-networks and is different from the conventional partitioning method, which is based on the mean contact force of the whole-network. A series of triaxial compression numerical tests were conducted on binary mixtures with different fine content (FC). The strong contact system in both the sub-network partitioning and the whole-network partitioning methods was studied. In some cases, certain coarse-coarse contacts that were identified as strong in the whole-network partitioning method were found to be weak in the sub-network partitioning method. Conversely, some coarse-fine and fine-fine contacts that were weak contacts in the whole-network partitioning method were identified as strong contacts in the sub-network partitioning method. In the sub-network partitioning method, the contribution of strong contacts to both axial and radial stress is lower than that observed in the whole-network partitioning method. Additionally, when considering branch vector length in the sub-network weighting parameters, there is a unique fabric-stress relationship was observed for different FC.Keywords: Binary mixturesdiscrete element methodstrong contact systemstrong contact partitioning methodfine content Data availability statementThe numerical data used in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Disclosure statementNo conflict of interest has been reported by the authors.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52278327) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No.8222020).","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135758514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-dimensional piecewise-linear large-strain consolidation model for soft clay with anisotropic creep behaviour","authors":"Jisen Shi, Yuxuan Cao, Daosheng Ling","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2264952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2264952","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractViscous behaviour is a significant characteristic of soil, and to accurately capture this behaviour, a piecewise-linear model called ACLC has been developed specifically for modelling one-dimensional large-strain consolidation of soft clay. ACLC takes into account both the long-term deformation and anisotropy of the soil. Furthermore, it incorporates various factors such as soil heterogeneity, self-weight, time-dependent loading, vertical flows, and seepage force. In ACLC, the settlement of the soil layer is a result of both the net outflow of fluid from the soil element and the development of soil creep. To describe the creep behaviour of the soil, ACLC employs two yield surfaces: the Current State Surface (CSS) and the Normal Consolidation Surface (NCS). The creep rates are calculated based on the associated flow rule. To ensure the accuracy of ACLC, it is validated using the enhanced CS2 model, oedometer tests conducted on Xiaoshan soft clay, and observed data from the Murro test embankment. Finally, the influence of ACLC parameters on the consolidation behaviour of clay is thoroughly investigated. This analysis helps to understand the role of these parameters and their impact on the overall consolidation process.Keywords: Piecewise-linear modelconsolidationanisotropycreep Data availability statementSome or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Additional informationFundingThe research work in this paper was supported by the Basic Science Center Program for Multiphase Evolution in Hypergravity of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 51988101).","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135251012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computation of embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions of geopolymer concrete in high-rise buildings: a case study in Chennai city","authors":"Kiruthika K., Ambily P.S., Ponmalar V., Senthil Kumar Kaliyavaradhan","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2260865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2260865","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe total primary embodied energy (EE) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (ECO2e) of geopolymer concrete (GPC) in high-rise (60 m height) residential buildings located at Chennai city, India, were carefully examined in this study. The buildings were analysed and designed with the same aspect ratio and loading with two structural systems; Reinforced concrete (RC) framed and Shear wall type. The computation was performed for floor area, building volume, and concrete quantity. The results show that for the same grade of concrete, compared with conventional concrete (CC), GPC's EE is reduced by 46%, ECO2e is reduced by 42%, and the cost is reduced by 7%. The primary energy consumption (EET) and CO2 emissions (ECO2eT) towards material transportation in GPC shear wall and framed structures are 8% lower and associated cost is 22% cheaper than CC buildings. Compared to CC, the total primary EE and ECO2e of GPC RC shear wall and framed buildings are 46 and 55% lower, respectively. From the study, it has been observed that GPC is more environmentally beneficial than that of using CC in high-rise structures.Keywords: Geopolymer concretecarbon footprintembodied energyhigh-rise buildinglife cycle analysisimpact analysis AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Dr. C. Boopalan, Structural consultant, M/s CBN Consulting engineers, Chennai for their valuable cooperation and technical support rendered during data.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementSome or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135831369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheology of self-compacting concrete containing silica fume and recycled aggregates","authors":"Ran Bir Singh, Kanish Kapoor, Arshdeep Singh, Bhupinder Singh","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2259965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2259965","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractRheology of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) containing selected silica fume dosages (0% (control mix), 5%, 10% and 15%) in a binary binder has been investigated using the flow-curve test protocol implemented on a co-axial cylinder rheometer. At each silica fume dosage, coarse recycled concrete aggregate volumetric replacement levels were 0%, 50% and 100%. Calibration of selected flow models with the measured flow data showed that rheology transitioned from shear thickening to shear thinning as the silica fume dosage increased from 0% to 15%, other mix constituents remaining unchanged. Similar flow behaviour was noted in the SCCs made with the recycled concrete aggregates (SCRACs) across all replacement levels though for a given silica fume dosage, degree of shear thinning decreased with increasing contents of the coarse recycled aggregates. The experimental results have been used to propose a workability box containing bounds for acceptable rheology of the SCCs and the SCRACs.Keywords: Rheologyself-compacting concreterecycled concrete aggregatesilica fumeshear thinningshear thickening AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank technical staff/Lab staff of structural Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee for their support to carry out the experimental work presented in this article.Data availabilityThe data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the first author, [RBS].Disclosure statementAll authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135894891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of thin reinforced concrete slabs against low velocity repeated impact load","authors":"Rachit Sharma, Senthil Kasilingam","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2259956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2259956","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe use of thin reinforced concrete slabs for buildings has more advantages than beam supported slabs, slabs with column capitals, and drop-down panels because of its easier construction and economic feasibility. However, it is susceptible to localized failure due to punching shear resulting in progressive collapse of the structure. Therefore, the attempt has been made to study the behaviour of thin reinforced concrete slabs 1200 × 1200 mm having thicknesses of 50 and 30 mm under repeated loading through the experiment and simulations. The mass of the impactor was 60 kg with 35 and 70° angular motion and the corresponding impact velocity were 2.62 and 4.97 m/s, respectively. Based on the member response under static conditions using analytical methods, the flexural failure was found to be more prominent and the ultimate flexural load for 50 mm thick slab was found to be 101.7% higher as compared to 30 mm thick slab. It was concluded that the resistance of the target was found to increase by 36% when the target thickness increased from 30 to 50 mm at 35° pendulum impact whereas the same was found to be 63% increment at 70° pendulum impact, during the first impact. Under repeated impacts, the impulse on both 30 and 50 mm thick slab was found to decrease gradually against 35° pendulum impact whereas the abrupt decrease in impulse was observed at 70° impact. The numerical analysis was performed using ABAQUS/EXPLICIT to predict the response of the slab under multi-impact loading. The numerical model was able to accurately predict the peak impact force on both 30- and 50-mm thick slab, up to the fourth impact.Keywords: Reinforced concrete slablow velocity impactexperimentssimulationsrepeated impact load Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135425389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on calcium dissolution behavior of manufactured sand concrete","authors":"Jian-Hua Jiang, Chen-Chen Lu, Yuan Sui, Xiao-Zhe Shi, Jia-Bing Zhou","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2259958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2259958","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe accelerated calcium dissolution tests of concrete with different replacement rates of manufactured sand (ρms) and different contents of stone powder (ρsp) were carried out using the ammonium chloride solution. The results show that the dissolution resistance of manufactured sand concrete (MSC) is higher than that of ordinary concrete, although the ρms and ρsp influence its physical and mechanical properties. When the ρms is low, the mass loss ratio and dissolution depth of MSC after dissolution both increase with the increasing ρsp. They also increase with the increasing of ρms, but the ρsp no longer influences them when the ρms is high. The ρsp corresponding to the maximum ultrasonic velocity of MSC is different for the various ρms. The addition of manufactured sand inhibits the reduction of the compressive strength after dissolution, while stone powder has no significant impact on this. Finally, the fitting model of dissolution depth and prediction model of compressive strength of MSC after dissolution are established.Keywords: Manufactured sand concretecalcium dissolutionphysical propertiesmechanical propertiesprediction model Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementDue to the nature of this research, participants of this study did not agree for their data to be shared publicly, so supporting data is not available.Additional informationFundingThe authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant No. 51408192] and the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities [No. B200202232].","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134960168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasible use of ureolytic bacteria in lightweight foamed concrete to enhance its strength","authors":"Siong Kang Lim, Cher Siang Tan, Yee Ling Lee, Ming Han Lim, Ming Kun Yew","doi":"10.1080/19648189.2023.2259971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2023.2259971","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis study investigates the feasibility of utilizing ureolytic-type bacteria in lightweight foamed concrete to enhance its compressive strength. Previous research focused on microorganisms in different types of concrete, but there is a lack of study on microorganism incorporation in low-density foamed concrete. Bacillus megaterium was introduced in the production of microbial-based lightweight foamed concrete, inducing mineral precipitation through microbial activities. Four mix proportions were prepared: a control mix (LFC-CM) and LFCs incorporated with varying concentrations of B. megaterium. All specimens underwent water curing. Results show significant improvements in compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths of microbial-based LFC compared to control samples due to microbial-induced calcite precipitation. This research has implications for sustainable construction materials. The potential future directions include optimizing microbial dosage, exploring different ureolytic bacteria, and investigating the long-term durability and performance of microbial-based lightweight foamed concrete. This study contributes to knowledge on microbial-based construction materials, providing insights for sustainable concrete solutions.Keywords: Bacillus megateriumlightweight foamed concretestrength propertiesmicrobial activitycalcite precipitation AcknowledgementThe authors would like to express their gratitude for the support of the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman UTARRF grant vote 6200/LG3 to this study.Geolocation informationThis study was conducted at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Bandar Sungai Long campus with coordinates 3.039805003901911, 101.79425775434476.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data depositionAll data set is stated in the paperAdditional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman UTARRF grant vote 6200/LG3.","PeriodicalId":11970,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135719476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}