Erdkunde最新文献

{"title":"The production of (in)security in São Paulo: changing patterns of daily actions from the perspective of social practices theory","authors":"Dominik Haubrich, R. Wehrhahn","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2020.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2020.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"The growing research on public security policy in the context of urban crime and insecurity largely re-flects a shifting paradigm towards a new culture of control. At the same time, research has rarely asso-ciated descriptive studies about the emergence of insecurities with discourses, policies and measures that aim at the production of greater urban security. This paper seeks to address this comparison through exploring the interwovenness of security practices and arrangements in everyday life. Drawing on the theory of social practices and the interaction of agencies and structures – institutions, policies and discourses at different scales – we argue that there is a mutual interrelation between public and private security policies on the one hand and the space-related everyday practices of urban middle-class residents on the other hand. Taking two districts located in the city of São Paulo as examples, the paper presents the results of 70 qualitative interviews with inhabitants concerning the nexus of doings and sayings in everyday practices in the context of different (in-)security production processes. We discuss how these security practices emerge as the grounding concept of shifting public security and neighbourhood at the local level. Thus, the main purpose of the paper is to theoretically overcome the conceptual dualism of reading sociality in public and private (in-)security by putting social practices theory empirically into practice.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":"74 1","pages":"85-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43255322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theory and practice of conservancies: evidence from wildlife management areas in Tanzania","authors":"F. Kimario, Nina Botha, A. Kisingo, H. Job","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2020.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2020.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"The integrity of Protected Areas depends on the surrounding communities and their land as they provide crucial ecological functions as wildlife corridors. Hence, the paper analyses the performance of Tanzanian Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) to better understand their relevance for safeguarding biodiversity outside of traditional protected areas, e.g. national parks. The article assesses the potential of WMAs, which have complex social and ecological processes and interactions, to achieve their environmental and socio-economic goals from a governance perspective. Therefore, a combination of two theoretical approaches – the Social-Ecological Systems Framework (SESF) and the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) – was employed to provide a thorough and methodical evaluation of their system dynamics. This research mainly presents data gathered in 2017 in eight fully authorised WMAs of different ages, and which represent a tourist activity gradient from no nature-based to well-developed. Qualitative empirical research included focus group discussions, field observations and semi-structured interviews with key persons and representatives of different organisations. These include local managers and members of WMAs, regional District Councils officials from the areas where the WMAs have been established, and international stakeholders. The study shows that local governance of wildlife resources in most WMAs is still plagued by understaffing, inadequate funding, insufficient skills and knowledge, and investment issues. As a result, it takes time for the tourist industry to find confidence in the WMA concept, but recent figures show that WMA related tourism facilities which are increasingly sponsored by private investors, show higher revenues. Therefore, for WMAs to be sustainable, it is imperative to address the concerns mentioned above. Community-based conservation is part of development and the improvement of the overall wellbeing of people. However, in practice, everything is still only valued in terms of direct cash benefits. Where the analysed WMAs are failing it is mostly because unsustainable revenue sources cannot provide in their daily operational needs or adequately fund community development projects. Hence, because conservation is expensive, the key to the long-term sustainability of WMAs remains impeccable governance and financial stability.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":"1 1","pages":"117-143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45805940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":": Evolution of alternative food networks in an old industrial region of Czechia","authors":"V. Hruška, O. Konečný, Zdeňka Smutná, B. Duží","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2020.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2020.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of the article is to present a regional analysis of alternative food networks (AFNs) in the old industrial Moravia-Silesian Region in Czechia accompanied by an assessment of their extent, the basic characteristics of their constituents and evolution during the period between 2014-2018. Although a number of studies on AFNs have been published so far, a detailed geographical analysis of AFNs from the regions of Central and Eastern Europe is missing. This paper aims to fill this research gap by providing an in-depth regional analysis of AFNs' spatial distribution while covering both the production (farms integrated in AFNs) and consumption side of ‘local’ food (selected forms of its distribution). Based on selected publicly available databases, we revealed that the proportion of farms integrated in AFNs out of the total number of farms in the region was only 1.4% (or 5% of the total number of organic farms) in 2018. However, significant growth in the number of farms producing food for AFNs and on site farm sales was registered within the monitored period. Only one third of AFN farms can be considered as small farms (up to 10 ha). AFN farms dominantly focused on animal production and were concentrated mostly in the proximity of urban areas favourable for agriculture. The low number of identified farms might be explained, inter alia, by the higher intensity of food self-provisioning in the region.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":"1 1","pages":"143-159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47661771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a definition of lost places","authors":"C. Bauer, C. Dolgan","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2020.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2020.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"Places juxtaposing normative and heterodox orders have long been a terrain for geographic research. This paper focuses on derelict architectonical structures understood as disordered places outside the norm. Despite the variety of research directions, there is still a lack of a uniform terminology and definition of these places. Following the academic literature, but also the public perception, we term those places as ‘lost places’. Based on an intensive literature research and a four-year empirical fieldwork, we present main trajectories and driving agents on the origin of lost places. We identify the key elements of the origin of lost places in the loss of functionality of architectonical structures and their re-contextualization through different appropriation processes. Both elements portray these architectonical structures as multitemporal and multimodal palimpsests. Finally, we propose a transition concept that offers the epistemological basis for studying lost places.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49226259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water crisis in the Eastern Hindu Kush: a micro-level study of community-based irrigation water management in the mountain village Kushum, Pakistan","authors":"Zahir Ahmad, F. Rahman, A. Dittmann, K. Hussain, I. Ihsanullah","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2020.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2020.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation water scarcity is a rapidly growing problem in the Hindu Kush-Karakorum-Himalayan region. Water is depleting and becoming scarce around the world due to a lack of integrated water management. Researchers have focused on sophisticated irrigation water management systems as an integral strategy to address water scarcity. However, rapid population growth, climate variability, and changes in mountain regions are exerting increasing pressure on water resources. To cope with water scarcity situations, local communities have developed sustainable management mechanisms throughout the mountain regions of the world. These practices are considered as adaptive strategies to address scarcity situations. This article aims to explore the multi-stage, spatio-temporal indigenous appropriation mechanisms of irrigation water and to analyze the seasonal variation in water entitlements in a semi-arid mountain milieu, i.e., Kushum-Chitral. This study is based on a decade of research conducted in the study area. Data were collected in four phases from 2010 to 2018. The study indicates that the share of co-owners has decreased substantially over time due to demographic development and climate change but does not always lead to the tragedy of commons. The study reveals that the local communities have the capacity and capability to sustainably manage an important and scarce resource – i.e., irrigation water – without external intervention.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":"74 1","pages":"59-79"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42362520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial analysis of hollow ways in the Hildesheimer Wald Mountains (Lower Saxony, Germany) as a model for mountainous regions of Central Europe","authors":"A. Kirchner, N. Herrmann, Robin Stadtmann, T. Lahmer, Lisa-Marie Hille, T. Steinbrecher, M. Sauerwein","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2020.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2020.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"The Hildesheimer Wald is a subdued mountain range situated at the northern transition from the Central German Uplands to the North German Plains. Widespread hollow way systems are distinctive anthropogeomorphic features documenting the historical importance of the region in terms of traffic and land use issues. In this manuscript we focus on the detection of hollow ways and the quantification of the surface area affected by hollow ways. Therefore, we used i) pedo-morphological field mapping in two selected areas of the central Hildesheimer Wald Mountains. These two areas were additionally surveyed using ii) a semi-automated GIS-based modelling approach to compare both mapping methodologies. The analysis of the calculated hollow-way-affected surface areas shows only minor differences (2.8 % and 0.7 %) indicating the overall high potential of this GIS-approach to map and outline hollow way systems. The pedological investigations in the two selected areas demonstrate that the soilscape is largely transformed where hollow ways frequently appear. During the development phase of hollow ways, concentrated surface runoff led to strong erosional processes at the hollow way bottoms and subsequently relatively shallow soils. In consequence, there is a remarkable loss of forestry area at degraded hollow way bottom sites, suggesting reduced usability for commercial forestry. In the second part of the study we used the GIS-mapping approach to calculate the hollowway-affected surface area for the forested area of the entire Hildesheimer Wald Mountains. We ascertained an area of 183 ha representing approximately 2.2 % of the total mountain range. Due to methodological limitations in very shallow pronounced hollow way sections it is very likely that this value is a rather conservative approximation of the real extent of hollow way systems. Since hollow ways represent preservable environmental archives storing information on cultural landscape development, we are strongly in favor of the implementation of protection measures in these specific areas. Hollow way systems should be managed adequately to avoid further degradation and additionally increase the quantity and quality of wildlife habitats.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":"74 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46690967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspects of Late Weichselian deglaciation in South Norway: timing of deglaciation, ice sheet geometry, and climate variations inferred from surface exposure ages of Late Pleistocene and Holocene landforms","authors":"P. Marr, S. Winkler, J. Löffler","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.03","url":null,"abstract":"The investigation of periglacial and related landforms in South Norway is of great interest for exploring the timing of deglaciation and to assess their geomorphological connectivity to palaeoclimatic changes during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. The ice margins of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are reasonably well established. Palaeo-ice thickness can, however, only be estimated by modelling and remains uncertain over large parts of Norway due to sparse field based evidence. Because of the significant influence of the former horizontal and vertical ice-sheet extent on sea-level rise, atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns, erosive properties of glaciers and ice sheets, englacial thermal boundaries, and deglaciation dynamics, it is crucial to improve the understanding of the topographic properties of the LGM ice sheet. Despite recent progress, there is a lack of terrestrial evidence in the form of numerical age data from South Norway. In this study two high-mountain regions and their surroundings in west (Dalsnibba, 1476 m a.s.l.) and east (Blåhø, 1617 m a.s.l.) South Norway were studied to reconstruct palaeoclimatic conditions and deglaciation patterns. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (10Be) and Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) have been utilized to determine the surface exposure age of glacially transported boulders as well as of boulder-dominated glacial, periglacial, and paraglacial landforms and bedrock outcrops. By developing calibration curves at both study sites for the first time it was possible to obtain landform-age estimates from Schmidt hammer R-(rebound) values. In addition, the formation and stabilization of those landforms and the formative processes have provided indications about the Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate variability and its connectivity to landform development.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":"73 1","pages":"277-301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43586564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the influence of mountain and heritage tourism in Georgia: the exemplary case of Ushguli","authors":"Stefan Applis","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.02","url":null,"abstract":"This study centres on the village community of Ushguli, located in the Upper Svaneti region in the north of Georgia. After attaining UNESCO World Heritage status in 1996, and benefiting since around 2010 from the establishment of secure state structures and systems, Ushguli has seen an incremental rise in tourism. Thus far, it has been relatively unprepared for meeting the interests and needs of visitors and coping with the diversity characterising modern lifestyles. The encounter and in many instances clash of interests between villagers and tourists is correspondingly difficult to channel and manage; visitor numbers are continuously growing, due at least in part to local residents’ efforts to advance their economic goals. Ushguli therefore represents a space offering ideal experimental conditions for the exploration of tourism as a strategy for overcoming economic and social crisis and of its effects on preexisting spatial, economic, environmental and social structures, against a backdrop of change to material and immaterial objects driven by various stakeholders. This article provides an overview of the specific focus of this study, commenced in 2017 and planned to cover a duration of several years, and of the research approach taken, as well as outlining central findings.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44680438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling the geographical logic of Airbnb in Switzerland","authors":"A. Domènech, Blaise Larpin, R. Schegg, M. Scaglione","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.01","url":null,"abstract":"The unprecedented worldwide growth of Airbnb over the last decade deserves to be analysed from a geographical perspective so as to understand the underlying logic behind the spatial distribution of the accommodation offered on the platform. Multiple territorial and economic variables may influence this distribution. In this context, the article aims to analyse the spatial distribution of Airbnb in Switzerland and identify its determinants. Geographical Information Systems are used to analyse the geographical distribution of Airbnb listings, and Negative Binomial Models are applied to identify its determining factors. Results are particularly interesting as they highlight that Airbnb listings are mainly clustered geographically in specific areas of the country. The success of Airbnb as an accommodation supply platform has led to a concentration of Airbnb listings in areas of Switzerland where hotel supply is significant, but also in areas where there is a high presence of second homes and the potential for generating profit from the housing market is greater.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41623756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing wildfire occurrence through a mixed-method approach: a case study from the Croatian Mediterranean","authors":"Kristina Jajtić, Valentina Galijan, Ivana Žafran, Marin Cvitanović","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"Processes such as littoralization, socio-economic restructuring and agricultural abandonment facilitate land cover changes in the Mediterranean, which then lead to an increased fire risk in the region. These processes are in part driven by people’s values, beliefs and traditional knowledge, lending itself to both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. However, despite the importance of human factors in wildfire occurrence and the complexity of humanenvironmental relations, such studies so far have been almost exclusively quantitative. This research aims at analysing the drivers of wildfire occurrence in the Mediterranean region of Dalmatia, Croatia through mixed-method approach. Croatia has gone through rapid social and economic changes in the past 30 years which have affected livelihood strategies and landscape configuration. The study includes spatial and statistical analysis of a set of variables during two fire seasons (2011 and 2013), but in-depth interviews with fire-fighters and farmers in the region as well. The results show that grassland and shrubland (maquis) are one of the most important drivers of wildfire occurrence in the region, and that they can be seen as indicators of the process of agricultural abandonment. The research demonstrated differing opinions on the use of agricultural burning in preventing wildfires between farmers and fire-fighters, but a common view of wildfires posing a risk only to human life and material property, disregarding potential risk to ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":"73 1","pages":"323-341"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45601550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}