European Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence, characteristics, and projection of long-term childhood cancer survivors in Sweden.","authors":"Elena Extrand, Emerald G Heiland, Genevieve Allen, Mia Giertz, Hanna Mogensen, Hannah L Brooke","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01394-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01394-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Population-level descriptions of long-term childhood cancer survivors are fundamental to survivorship care and research but seldom available. Accordingly, we aimed to describe long-term childhood cancer survivors at the population-level and project future prevalence. In this register-based study we calculated the absolute number and prevalence proportions of all individuals diagnosed with a childhood cancer (aged 0-14 years, 1958-2018) in Sweden who survived ≥ 5 years post-diagnosis and were alive and residing in Sweden on December 31st, 2023. We also described the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of this population and presented the observed prevalence over time (1990-2023) and projected prevalence under different mortality assumptions (2024-2040). On December 31st, 2023, there were 8645 long-term childhood cancer survivors in Sweden, equivalent to nearly 1 in 1000 inhabitants (921 persons per million). Leukemias (28.3%) and central nervous system tumors (27.0%) were the most common childhood cancer diagnoses, although the distribution of cancer type varied by attained age. Disease burden in the preceding five years was heterogeneous: approximately 25-30% of the survivors had no recent diagnoses or prescriptions, while a similar proportion experienced substantial morbidity. Most adult survivors were employed (72.0%) and relatively few received sickness benefits (9.7%). From 1990 to 2023, the long-term survivor population tripled in size. Projected mean annual growth was between 1.6% and 2.2%, with the population increasing to approximately 11,400 - 12,600 individuals by 2040. As this heterogeneous population continues growing, our comprehensive description can help plan survivorship care and provide a benchmark for prevalence estimates in settings with less complete data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147835614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of clinical utility in emulated clinical trials.","authors":"Johannes Hruza, Arvid Sjölander, Erin E Gabriel, Samir Bhatt, Michael C Sachs","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01385-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01385-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dynamic treatment regimes have been proposed to personalize treatment decisions by utilizing historical patient data, but they may not always improve on the current standard of care. It is thus meaningful to integrate the standard of care into the evaluation of treatment strategies, and previous works have suggested doing so through the concept of clinical utility. Here we will focus on the comparative component of clinical utility as the average outcome had the full population received treatment based on the proposed dynamic treatment regime in comparison to the full population receiving the \"standard\" treatment assignment mechanism, such as a physician's choice. Clinical trials to evaluate clinical utility are rarely conducted, and thus, previous works have proposed an emulated clinical trial framework using observational data. However, only one simple estimator was previously suggested, and the practical details of how one would conduct this emulated trial were not detailed. Here, we illuminate these details and propose several estimators of clinical utility based on estimators proposed in the dynamic treatment regime literature. We illustrate the considerations and the estimators in a real data example investigating treatment rules for rheumatoid arthritis, where we highlight that in addition to the standard of care, the current medical guidelines should also be compared to any estimated \"optimal\" decision rule.</p>","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147812107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecast of dementia prevalence in Germany and subnational regions until 2060 using microsimulation.","authors":"Katrin Schüssel, Gabriela Brückner, Helmut Schröder, Gabriele Doblhammer, Frank Jessen, Julian Ernst, Christopher Caratiola, Ralf Münnich","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01392-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01392-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The number of dementia cases is expected to rise in ageing societies with concomitant requirements for healthcare planning. While national figures for countries are widely available, subnational regional heterogeneity is rarely considered. This study aimed at projecting national and subnational dementia figures under different scenarios. Dementia and population figures where projected from 2018 to 2060 by microsimulation at the level of 400 counties within Germany. The German MikroSim model was supplemented with dementia-specific data on regional prevalence and national incidence and mortality figures. These data were derived from routine health insurance records of 27 million individuals within the AOK fund during pre-pandemic years 2017 to 2019 and adjusted to the total population of 2018. Scenarios with increasing life expectancy or prevention effects (decreasing dementia incidence by 1 to 2% per year) were calculated. Increasing life expectancy leads to dementia cases rising from 1.4 million in 2018 to 2.1 million in 2060, prevalence from 1.6 to 2.6% and the RWA (ratio of cases per 100 individuals of working age) from 2.6 to 4.7. In prevention scenarios, these figures are substantially lower: between 1.3 and 1.5 million cases, 1.6 and 1.9% prevalence and RWA between 2.9 and 3.4. Existing subnational regional differences in prevalence and RWA will become more pronounced in all scenarios. Growing life expectancy leads to an increase in dementia cases, which may be counteracted by preventive measures. Increasing regional heterogeneity in prevalence and RWA should be considered for health care planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147812177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source-specific nitrate and nitrite intake and associations with gastric cancer in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort.","authors":"Dorit W Erichsen, Cecilie Kyrø, Pratik Pokharel, Susanne Rosthøj, Catherine P Bondonno, Liezhou Zhong, Jörg Schullehner, Torben Sigsgaard, Christina Dahl, Peter Fjeldstad Hendriksen, Frederik Dalgaard, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Jonathan M Hodgson, Christina C Dahm, Anja Olsen, Anne Tjønneland, Nicola P Bondonno","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01390-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01390-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147766023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life expectancy of people with hemophilia in France in 2022.","authors":"Clémence Tabélé,Mohamed Boucekine,Hervé Chambost,Marie-Laure Tiade,Nicolas Giraud,Dorothée Pradines,Yannick Colle,Vincent Dalibard,Djamel Kherfellah,Romain Voltzenlogel,Any Beltran Anzola,Ngoc Anh Thu Nguyen,Noémie Resseguier,Roseline D'Oiron,Dominique Costagliola,Pascal Auquier, ","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01389-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01389-z","url":null,"abstract":"The life expectancy of adult people with hemophilia has significantly increased thanks to therapeutic advancements, especially after the bloodborne infectious risks were controlled. However, no French data has yet documented this improvement. This study aims to compare the life expectancy of French people with hemophilia to that of the general population. A longitudinal study was conducted on 9,928 people with hemophilia included in the FranceCoag database between 1994 and 2022. Life expectancies were calculated using abridged life tables The life expectancies for people with hemophilia were 66.3 years at age 20 (mild hemophilia = 68.8, moderate = 64.8, severe = 60.4) and 47.5 years at age 40 (mild = 49.2, moderate = 45.9, severe = 42.7). Individuals with mild or moderate hemophilia had higher life expectancies compared to general population (59.8 years at age 20 and 40.7 years at age 40, p < 0.001). Those with severe hemophilia had a similar or slightly higher life expectancy at age 40. The mean differences in LE at ages 20 and 40, compared with the general population, varied markedly by severity, ranging from 0 to 10 years. Taken together, these findings suggest broadly comparable life expectancy in people with hemophilia, although differences remain according to disease severity. This improvement may be attributable both to recent therapeutic innovations and to more frequent and comprehensive medical follow-ups compared to the general population.","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"322 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147731484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jørn Olsen, Danish Epidemiologist and Professor of Social Medicine, 1946–2026","authors":"Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen, Rodolfo Saracci, Jiong Li, Cecilia Ramlau-Hansen, Onyebuchi A. Arah","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01388-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01388-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food colouring additives and cancer incidence in the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort.","authors":"Sanam Shah,Anaïs Hasenböhler,Guillaume Javaux,Marie Payen de la Garanderie,Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi,Paola Yvroud,Cédric Agaësse,Alexandre De Sa,Inge Huybrechts,Fabrice Pierre,Marc Audebert,Xavier Coumoul,Chantal Julia,Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot,Benjamin Allès,Serge Hercberg,Benoit Chassaing,Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy,Bernard Srour,Mathilde Touvier","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01393-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01393-3","url":null,"abstract":"Our study aimed to assess potential associations between food colouring additives and cancer incidence in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort. A total of 105,260 adults (78.3% females; mean age 42.0 ± 14.5y) without prevalent cancer and who completed ≥ 2 24-hour dietary records at baseline were followed for > 7 years. Dietary intakes were assessed using repeated brand-specific 24 h records, and cumulative time-dependent exposure to food additives was evaluated through multiple composition databases and ad-hoc laboratory assays in food matrices. Associations between exposures to food colouring additives (sex-specific tertiles if proportion of exposed participants > 2/3, or non-exposed/lower/higher exposed based on sex-specific median otherwise) and cancer incidence were assessed using multivariable Cox models. We identified 4,226 incident cancer cases (508 prostate, 1,208 breast [387 premenopausal and 821 postmenopausal], and 352 colorectal). Total food colouring additives were associated with higher overall [HRhigher versus non/lower consumers (95%CI): 1.14 (1.05-1.24); absolute risk at age 60: 13.3% (higher consumers) vs. 12.1% (lower/non-consumers)], breast [1.21 (1.03-1.42); 5.7%, 4.8%], and postmenopausal breast [1.32 (1.09-1.61); 14.9%, 12.5%] cancer incidence. After False Discovery Rate correction, only plain caramel (European code: E150a) was associated with overall cancer [1.15 (1.07-1.25); 14.0%, 12.1%] and beta-carotene (E160a) with overall [1.16 (1.07-1.25); 13.7%, 11.9%] and breast cancer [1.41 (1.23-1.62); 6.2%, 4.4%]. This study provides novel exploratory evidence linking colouring additives to cancer incidence. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Findings support recommendations to limit exposure to non-essential food additives (i.e. used primarily for sensory or aesthetic purposes rather than for food safety or preservation) and inform regulatory reassessment.","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"241 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147635942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CohortCharacteristics: an R package for population characterisation in observational studies using the OMOP common data model.","authors":"Mike Du, Albert Prats-Uribe, Núria Mercadé-Besora, Kim Lopez-Guell, Yuchen Guo, Marta Alcalde-Herraiz, Xihang Chen, Antonella Delmestri, Wai Yi Man, Talita Duarte-Salles, Anna Palomar, Agustina Giuliodori, Emanuel Brađašević, Antea Jezidžić, Elvira Bräuner, Susanne Bruun, Katia Verhamme, Mees Mosseveld, James T Brash, Dina Vojinovic, Isabella Kaczmarczyk, Akram Mendez, Peter Rijnbeek, Daniel Prieto-Alhambra, Edward Burn, Martí Català","doi":"10.1007/s10654-025-01352-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-025-01352-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Describing cohort characterisation ensures comparability and reproducibility in multi-database observational studies. To address this need, we developed CohortCharacteristics, an open-source R package that facilitates standardised cohort characterisation in datasets mapped to the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) Common Data Model (CDM). This study aims to explain the development of the package and demonstrate its core functionality. We developed CohortCharacteristics, an open-source R package that can perform cohort characterisation for various types of databases. To demonstrate its functionality, we then used CohortCharacteristics to generate descriptive statistics on demographics, comorbidities, medication exposures, cohort overlap, and timing of cohort entries. The study included data from CPRD GOLD (UK), DK-DHR (Denmark), IPCI (Netherlands), IQVIA Longitudinal Patient Database Belgium (IQVIA LPD Belgium), IQVIA DA Germany, NAJS (Croatia), and SIDIAP (Spain), all mapped to the OMOP CDM. The CohortCharacteristics R package is freely available on CRAN with detailed vignettes and documentation on its functionality. Cohort characteristics were generally consistent across databases, with similar age distributions and female representation. CPRD GOLD, NAJS, and SIDIAP exhibited higher prescribing rates for respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous system medications, while IQVIA databases and DK-DHR reported lower rates. Timing analysis showed that dementia diagnoses typically followed insomnia diagnoses in several databases, supporting existing literature. Antipsychotic prescriptions often occurred after dementia diagnosis, reflecting prescribing practices aligned with clinical guidelines. CohortCharacteristics enables consistent cohort characterisation across a network of data mapped to the OMOP CDM, thereby improving transparency in multi-database research. The package's functionality, demonstrated in this study, illustrates its applicability in observational studies with OMOP CDM data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147616008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on endometrial cancer incidence: results from a large population-based cohort study.","authors":"Allan Jensen, Bugge Nøhr, Jane Christensen, Mathilde Gottschau, Sofie Lindquist, Jens Pedersen, Susanne Krüger Kjaer","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01391-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01391-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The limited number of studies examining the association between thyroid diseases and endometrial cancer have yielded inconsistent findings. The study aimed to examine the association between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and the risk of endometrial cancer using comprehensive nationwide register data from Denmark. We conducted a population-based cohort study including 1,057,937 women born in Denmark between 1960 and 1997. Information on thyroid disease diagnoses, cancer diagnoses, covariates, migration, and vital status was obtained from nationwide Danish health and administrative registers. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for endometrial cancer overall and for type I tumors. A landmark analysis examined risks associated with exposures before age 40, and pseudo-observation methods estimated absolute risk differences. During a median follow-up of 17.5 years, 1,159 women were diagnosed with endometrial cancer. Women with hypothyroidism had a higher rate of overall endometrial cancer (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.22-1.93) and type I tumors (HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.12-2.41). These associations were consistent across subgroups defined by menopausal status and time since diagnosis. No association was observed for hyperthyroidism (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.80-1.62). In the landmark analysis, hypothyroidism remained associated with an increased endometrial cancer rate, but the absolute risk difference by age 60 was modest and not statistically significant. In conclusion, hypothyroidism was associated with a modestly increased rate of endometrial cancer, while no association was observed for hyperthyroidism. These findings support further investigation into thyroid function and endometrial carcinogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147510808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vegetarian and vegan diets and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.","authors":"Dagfinn Aune, Sabrina Schlesinger, Jakub G Sobiecki","doi":"10.1007/s10654-026-01380-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-026-01380-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several studies have suggested that vegetarian and vegan vs. non-vegetarian diets are associated with lower cancer risk overall, however, results for specific cancer sites have been less consistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies on vegetarian and vegan diets and cancer incidence to clarify the associations across cancer sites. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies up to 5 July 2025. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for the association between vegetarian and vegan diets and cancer incidence. World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) criteria was used to evaluate the strength of the evidence. Seventeen publications (seven prospective studies) were included. The summary RRs (95% CIs) for vegetarians vs. non-vegetarians was 0.87 (0.84-0.91, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 4 studies) for total cancer incidence, 0.55 (0.36-0.86, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 32%, n = 4) for stomach cancer, 0.86 (0.76-0.97, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 14%, n = 6) for colorectal cancer, 0.79 (0.67-0.93, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 38%, n = 7) for colon cancer, 0.55 (0.31-0.97, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 2) for proximal colon cancer, 0.77 (0.62-0.95, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 5) for pancreatic cancer, 0.79 (0.66-0.94, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 4) for melanoma, 0.92 (0.86-0.99, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 7) for breast cancer, 0.81 (0.69-0.95, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 3) for postmenopausal breast cancer, 0.78 (0.62-0.98, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 5) for bladder cancer, and 0.76 (0.63-0.93, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 4) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In addition, non-statistically significant inverse associations were observed for some cancers, with summary RRs of 0.85 (0.70-1.04, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 6) for lung cancer, 0.83 (0.68-1.02, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 5) for ovarian cancer, and 0.87 (0.75-1.00, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 43%, n = 6) for prostate cancer. Results for other cancer sites were imprecise or near the null. The summary RRs (95% CIs) for vegans vs. non-vegetarians were 0.77 (0.70-0.85, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 3) for total cancer, 1.02 (0.71-1.48, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 42%, n = 3) for colorectal cancer, 0.80 (0.64-1.00, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, n = 4) for breast cancer, and 0.87 (0.50-1.49, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 49%, n = 3) for prostate cancer. BMI explained a moderate part of the associations. The strength of evidence [judging the likelihood of causality] for vegetarian diets and total, colorectal, colon and breast cancer was judged as probable, and limited suggestive for stomach, pancreatic, and bladder cancers, melanoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and for vegan diets and total cancer and breast cancer was considered limited-suggestive. Vegetarian diets compared to non-vegetarian diets are associated with reduced risk of total cancer and seven specific cancer types, while vegan diets are associated with reduced risk of total and breast cancer. Although further studies are needed to assess the long-term adherence to vegetarian an","PeriodicalId":11907,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147510805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}