{"title":"Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham, dit Alhazen","authors":"Ali Al-Hasan","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c007","url":null,"abstract":"Haytham naît en 965 à Bassorah, ville portuaire située sur le Chatt-el-Arab, estuaire commun des fleuves Tigre et Euphrate, dans la province Irakienne de l’empire Bouyides. Loin de la splendide et extravertie Bagdad, mégapole économique, intellectuelle et artistique, qui abrite alors un million d’habitants à cinq cents kilomètres au Nord, Bassorah est une ville sous domination chiite, qui promeut le savoir et l’enseignement. C’est dans cette atmosphère sereine et éclairée que grandit Al-Haytham, que les générations à venir surnommeront parfois Al-Basri (en référence à sa ville natale) et plus souvent Alhazen (version latine de Al-Hasan). Alhazen semble n’avoir développé un intérêt marqué pour les sciences que tardivement, s’étant d’abord orienté vers l’étude des textes et de la pensée islamiques. Durant ses premières années, il se consacre à ce que l’on qualifierait au jourd’hui de service civil, sous la forme d’un ministère religieux dans la région de Bassorah. Plus tard, apparemment déçu par les divergences qu’il perçoit entre les différents courants de pensée, progressivement convaincu que seules les sciences peuvent satisfaire sa quête de la vérité et étancher sa soif de comprendre, il quitte son ministère et se plonge avidement dans l’œuvre des penseurs antiques. Il trouve apparemment dans la lecture d’Aristote un terreau fertile, et se bâtit très vite une solide réputation de maître du savoir et de mathématicien. Cette notoriété grandissante dépasse les frontières de l’empire Bouyides, et parvient aux portes de l’Égypte.","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124463281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thomas Young","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125859853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Christiaan Huygens","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129548287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Maurice Paul Auguste Charles Fabry","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124716092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"David Brewster","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126002374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh)","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132908146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gabriel Jonas Lippmann","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124608553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jean-Baptiste Alfred Perot","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133927764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johannes Kepler, A. csillagászat, Michael Maestlin
{"title":"Johannes Kepler","authors":"Johannes Kepler, A. csillagászat, Michael Maestlin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvcm4h07.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4h07.14","url":null,"abstract":"Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) vivió a caballo entre dos siglos, habitó una Europa dividida por dos dogmas religiosos y protagonizó el tránsito entre dos maneras radicalmente distintas de observar, describir y estudiar el mundo. En correspondencia con esta triple dualidad, su trabajo y su obra estuvieron siempre marcados por una combinación fascinante de especulación mística y rigor científico y matemático. Como creyente fervoroso, estaba convencido de que Dios había diseñado la creación según un plan y que el ser humano estaba capacitado para descifrarlo. Dedicó todo su esfuerzo intelectual al descubrimiento del plan universal divino y, en el curso de esa pasión en busca de la armonía del cosmos, alcanzó sus mayores logros científicos y sus ensoñaciones místicas más desenfrenadas. Fue astrónomo, matemático y astrólogo; creyente comprometido y protector de una madre acusada de brujería; heterodoxo y polemista, pero conciliador y llamado a sentar cátedra desde una Europa desgarrada por las guerras religiosas, asolada por las epidemias, amenazada por la invasión otomana y dominada por el paradigma intelectual de un aristotelismo decadente y refractario a las ideas nuevas. Este trabajo monumental de Max Caspar (1880-1956), la biografía más completa y fidedigna que existe sobre el padre de las leyes del movimiento planetario, abarca todos los aspectos de la vida de Johannes Kepler, la figura más atractiva de entre las que protagonizaron la revolución copernicana y la fundación de la astronomía moderna en la Europa del siglo xvii.","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132812577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"John Frederick William Herschel","authors":"J. Herschel","doi":"10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1205-9.c020","url":null,"abstract":"ot on iq ue s 58 John Frederick William Herschel naît le 7 mars 1792 à Slough, dans le comté du Buckinghamshire, de l’union de Mary Baldwin, fille d’un marchand prospère, et du fameux William Herschel [1738-1822]. William est issu d’une famille de musiciens allemands ; il a immigré à 19 ans en Angleterre comme garde hanovrien. Hautboïste de formation, compositeur de métier, il est surtout passionné d’astronomie, qu’il pratique tardivement et d’abord en amateur, avant d’inventer la science stellaire : on lui doit notamment la découverte d’Uranus en 1781 et la première véritable carte de l’Univers. Mary, veuve Pitt, épouse William en secondes noces, et le couple est déjà âgé à la naissance de John. Il sera leur seul enfant.","PeriodicalId":119033,"journal":{"name":"Sous la lumière, les hommes","volume":" 82","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113952823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}