{"title":"The Valuation of Technological Startups","authors":"Roberto Moro Visconti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3533876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3533876","url":null,"abstract":"Innovative startups are newly formed companies with high growth potential which usually absorb a lot of liquidity in the early years of life, in order to finance development, against very limited collateralizable assets. This is unattractive for traditional banking intermediaries, usually replaced by other specialized intermediaries such as venture capital or private equity funds, which diversify their portfolio basing their strategies on a multi-year exit with strong expected increases in value from investments that survive a Darwinian selection. The evaluation of the target companies follows traditional methodologies, flanked by specific features deriving from varied probabilistic scenarios and from multiple exit methods. The technological footprint implies evaluation analogies with patents, know-how and intangibles linked to specific sectors (biomedical, internet, etc.).","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86261190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emad Aghayi, Thomas D. Latoza, P. Surendra, Seyedmeysam Abolghasemi
{"title":"Crowdsourced Behavior-Driven Development","authors":"Emad Aghayi, Thomas D. Latoza, P. Surendra, Seyedmeysam Abolghasemi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3467705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3467705","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Key to the effectiveness of crowdsourcing approaches for software engineering is workflow design, describing how complex work is organized into small, relatively independent microtasks. This paper, we introduce a Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) workflow for accomplishing programming work through self-contained microtasks, implemented as a preconfigured environment called CrowdMicroservices. In our approach, a client, acting on behalf of a software team, describes a microservice as a set of endpoints with paths, requests, and responses. A crowd then implements the endpoints, identifying individual endpoint behaviors that they test, implement, debug, create new functions, and interact with persistence APIs as needed. To evaluate our approach, we conducted a feasibility study in which a small crowd worked to implement a small ToDo microservice. The crowd created an implementation with only four defects, completing 350 microtasks and implementing 13 functions. We discuss the implications of these findings for incorporating crowdsourced programming contributions into traditional software projects.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88345970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Wirtz, C. Bonnet, L. Cohen, Vincenzo Capizzi
{"title":"Angel Cognition and Active Involvement in BA Groups: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis","authors":"Peter Wirtz, C. Bonnet, L. Cohen, Vincenzo Capizzi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3369490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3369490","url":null,"abstract":"The present research sets out to reach a better understanding of the determinants of business angels’ active involvement in making business angel groups accomplish diverse functions and building cognitive resources and shared competencies. We develop a framework where angels’ decision making style and professional experience are key in explaining their degree and type of involvement with diverse business angel group activities. We also posit that institutional and organizational factors might influence the involvement of business angels in group activities. To test the related propositions, we conduct a questionnaire survey with the members of two large business angel groups based in Italy and France. Our results show that business angels with a control-oriented decision-making style, as well as angels with previous Professional experience as a CEO and in marketing and sales, tend to be more actively involved in key angel group activities, both with regard to investment related activities and angel group management activities. Differences between the two angel groups seem to be due to organizational factors rather than to national or regional specificities.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90345653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Leapfrog Model: Venture Capital as a Cure to Africa's Funding Paralysis","authors":"Olayanju Phillips","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3366908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3366908","url":null,"abstract":"Based on current trends, Africa’s population is projected to double in size by 2050. Lagos leads this exponential population explosion as the fastest growing city in Africa, growing at 77 people per hour. By 2030, Africa’s middle- and high-income groups are expected to grow by 100 million. Africa’s 1.1 billion population is expected to have doubled in 2050 and quadrupled in 2100. This significantly increases the consumer population and makes Africa a rapidly expanding market that attracts investors. Despite these projections, the African continent is palpably unprepared. This paper argues that the financing of startups in critical sectors of Africa's economy through incentivized venture capital funding can be strategic in developing Africa's economy.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89486903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julian Kaboth, Arnd Lodowicks, M. Schreiter, B. Schwetzler
{"title":"Same, Same but Different: How Preferential Claims Skew Returns of Venture Capital Investments","authors":"Julian Kaboth, Arnd Lodowicks, M. Schreiter, B. Schwetzler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3359787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3359787","url":null,"abstract":"Venture capital often involves complex equity contracts, which affect the allocation of cash flows among shareholdings at an exit liquidation. To facilitate economic impact analysis, we structure exit relevant preferential rights by their economic impact in a two-dimensional framework. Based hereon, we provide a model that allows to assess ex-ante value of such shares. We apply our model to a selected sample of ventures and find an average overvaluation on a share class basis of 22.1% (median 23.9%), where overvaluation is particularly severe for common and early-on investments.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84793354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Venture Capital, the Right Mix!","authors":"Shomaila L. Maker","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3463776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3463776","url":null,"abstract":"There is, surprisingly, a paucity of current (American) academic literature on why certain capital markets have been more conducive to the growth of venture-capital, whereas in other (advanced) capital markets venture-capital has not been able to secure a foothold. Writing almost two decades ago, Gilson suggested a link between an active stock market and a strong venture-capital market. A different viewpoint was presented by Curtis Milhaupt in his article published in 1997, where he explored the linkage between corporate governance and innovation by examining the legal rules and institutional settings in Japan and the US for venture-capital. For Milhaupt, the differences between the US and Japanese venture-capital markets could not be explained simply as a function of market liquidity, and depended on the different corporate governance characteristics of the two systems. Fast forward to 2019, and whilst venture-capital investment in Japan continues to remain low, Germany (a bank-centered capital market system) is the new hot-bed for venture-capital activity. This article explores both Gilson's and Milhaupt's viewpoints and presents an alternative explanation. As growth of venture-capital in India and Germany have shown, so long as there is a conducive environment for a pool of entrepreneurial talent to develop (be it because of proximity of educational institutions such as the IITs in India, or because of affordability and hip sub-culture, as in Berlin), there is fodder for venture-capitalists for spurring innovative enterprise.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79368747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oskar Kowalewski, Aleksandra Majda-Kariozen, Błażej Socha
{"title":"Founder Involvement in CEO Turnover","authors":"Oskar Kowalewski, Aleksandra Majda-Kariozen, Błażej Socha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3315516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3315516","url":null,"abstract":"We study the role of a company founder in its internal governance. Using a sample of 484 CEO turnovers for 2000–2015, we establish that CEOs are fired for poor performance. However, the likelihood of a poor-performing founder-CEO being fired is lower than that of an outsider CEO. Moreover,having a founder as a member of the executive or supervisory board decreasesthe likelihood that a CEO will be dismissed for poor performance. Similarly,founder ownership may have the same effect on CEO turnover. Finally, being a founder does not guarantee a poor-performing CEO a chairman position after being fired.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84969733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal Regulation of P2P Lending for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises","authors":"Naoko Nemoto, D. Storey, Bihong Huang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3313999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3313999","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, the regulation of P2P lending has evolved significantly in recent years, with mostly beneficial effects on the diversification of funding for individuals and corporations. Regulatory responses have varied greatly between countries, and the characteristics of the markets that have emerged vary as a result. We describe and evaluate the range of P2P lending systems on offer to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in several countries, considering different regulatory regimes. In some countries, there are problematic incentives for platforms that rate credit and originate loans without holding the risk of these loans. In addition, when investor returns are guaranteed by platforms, investors have no incentive to distinguish among risk categories. In several countries, notably the People’s Republic of China, P2P platforms have engaged in fraudulent behavior and Ponzi-like schemes. On the other hand, stringent regulation in the United States has excessively impeded new entrants from providing competition to established platforms. Regulators should be mindful of these risks and others, while also seeking to capitalize on the benefits that the sector offers for providing new funding opportunities to SMEs. In our view, the United Kingdom can be suggested as an effective model to follow because of its tailor-made and flexible regulation.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78814078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lars Hornuf, Tobias Schilling, Armin Schwienbacher
{"title":"Are Equity Crowdfunding Investors Active Investors?","authors":"Lars Hornuf, Tobias Schilling, Armin Schwienbacher","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3474190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3474190","url":null,"abstract":"A common assumption is that entrepreneurs retain more control of their venture when opting for equity crowdfunding (ECF) rather than venture capital. In this article, we investigate the relevance of cash-flow, control, and exit rights awarded to crowd investors in Germany, where more flexible ECF contracts are offered than in many other countries. In Germany, many of the rights used in venture capital investment contracts are also prevalent in ECF contracts. We find that crowd investors are asked to pay higher prices if they receive more cash-flow and exit rights, consistent with the view that these rights are valuable to the crowd. However, we find no evidence that these rights affect campaign outcome, the likelihood of securing follow-on funding, or the insolvency likelihood of the venture. We interpret this as indirect evidence that crowd investors are passive. Furthermore, crowd investors neither actively trigger insolvency proceedings nor mention the enforcement of their contractual rights in investor communication blogs or popular media. These results are in contrast with control rights theory and the results documented for venture capital contracts. Our research thus suggests that crowd investors are rather passive investors whose control rights are either ineffective or not exercised.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91330688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does Religiosity Influence Venture Capital Investment Decisions?","authors":"Justin Chircop, S. Johan, Monika Tarsalewska","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3026156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3026156","url":null,"abstract":"Theories on contextual behavior (e.g., social norm, self-identity, and legitimacy theories) suggest that the religiosity of the geographical area in which an organization operates influences its behavior. Using a sample of 91,020 VC investments in the U.S., we study whether religiosity influences VC investment decisions. Based on prior literature that finds a positive relation between religiosity and risk aversion, we posit that VCs located in more religious counties make less risky investments. We find that VCs located in more religious areas are more likely to be involved in staging and syndication and have a greater propensity to invest in later and expansion stages of portfolio companies. Taken together, our results suggest that VCs located in religious counties tend to be more risk averse.","PeriodicalId":11881,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship & Finance eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73101338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}