Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"The rhea, a ratite native to South America","authors":"J. Sales","doi":"10.3184/147020606783438759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020606783438759","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of Greater (Rhea americana) and Lesser (Pterocnemia pennata) rheas, both native to South America, are important for the purpose of conservation of wild populations as well as the potential commercialisation of captive bred animals.Whereas the different subspecies of Greater rheas are distributed through Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, habitat of Lesser rheas are mainly limited to the Argentine and Chilean Patagonia.The two Andean subspecies (Pterocnemia pennata garleppi and Pterocnemia pennata tarapacensis) of Lesser rheas are endangered in the wild. Information on divergences between rhea and other ratite taxa are still inconclusive. Anatomy and standard metabolism of rheas in general are in agreement with that of other ratite and avian species.Vigilance is an important component of daily activities. In contrast to adult birds, several different vocalizations can be distinguished in young chicks. Rheas, that reach sexual maturity between 20 and 24 months of age, can be described as polygynandric in that males are simultaneously polygynous, whereas the females are sequentially polyandrous. Only 5 to 6% of the male population bred successfully each year in the wild. Rheas are ground-nesting birds with females laying eggs for up to 12 different males during the laying season, and males incubating the eggs for a period of around 42 days. Rheas are characterised by high rates of nest desertion (65%) commonly associated with egg predation, orphan eggs laid far away from active nests, and egg stealing between males. In the wild males took care of the chicks for 4 to 6 months, with chick adoption from other broods a common phenomenon. As with other ratites rheas grow at exceptionally slow rates, with a final mature live weight of around 25 kg, depending on gender. The digestive system of the rhea is characterised by a relative huge caeca and colon, which may serve as fermentation chambers for the utilisation of fibre. Diseases and parasites commonly found in other ratites also occur in rheas. Conservation and commercialisation of rheas are hampered by a lack of knowledge about the biology and requirements of these species.","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127291424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional factors that affect leg problems in broilers and turkeys","authors":"E. Oviedo-Rondón, P. Ferket, G. B. Havestein","doi":"10.3184/147020606783437921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020606783437921","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129189379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ratites","authors":"J. Sales","doi":"10.3184/147020606783437912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020606783437912","url":null,"abstract":"The exploitation of African ostriches, Australian emus and South American rheas as producers of skins, meat and feathers, and the protection of cassowaries in Australia and New Guinea and kiwis in New Zealand from becoming extinct, emphasise the need of knowledge about nutritional requirements of ratites. Although the general anatomy of the digestive tract of ratites is comparable to that of other avian species, they are unique in that they all lack a crop, and some (ostrich, rhea, emu) have evolved some form of fibre fermentation. The cassowary is the largest obligate frugivorous bird, whereas the diet of the kiwi can be described as carnivorousyinsectivorous. Vigilance plays an important role in the feeding behaviour of the ostrich and rhea, while smell is used by the nocturnal kiwi to locate food. Information on the digestive processes and nutritive value of feed ingredients in ratites are limited, and knowledge about nutrient requirements is extrapolated from theoretical models developed with domesticated poultry species.","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117245164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Electroencephalogram and Epilepsy in the Chicken","authors":"T. Ookawa","doi":"10.3184/147020605783437959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020605783437959","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130674663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of the Chicken as an Experimental Animal Model in Atherosclerosis","authors":"I. Ayala, B. G. Pérez, G. Doménech, M. T. Castells, M. Valdes","doi":"10.3184/147020605783437968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020605783437968","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116483896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Chicken Electroretinogram with Special Reference to Spreading Depression","authors":"T. Ookawa","doi":"10.3184/147020605783438769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020605783438769","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132680638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in DNA Analysis by RAPD Methodology in An Avian Species with Little Available Sequence Information: the Red-Legged Partridge ( Alectoris rufa )","authors":"C. García, M. Arruga","doi":"10.3184/147020605783438796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020605783438796","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123723104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions Among Endocrine, Nutritional and Genetic Factors Controlling Metabolism in the Broiler","authors":"R. Rosebrough, J. Mcmurtry, M. Richards, A. Mitchell, T. Ramsay, C. Ashwell","doi":"10.3184/147020605783438778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020605783438778","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114804457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac rhythms in avian embryos and hatchlings","authors":"H. Tazawa","doi":"10.3184/147020605783437977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020605783437977","url":null,"abstract":"Avian embryos develop within the confines of an eggshell independent of maternal physiological functions. The eggshell provides not only an airway for diffusive gas exchange of the embryo, but also a protective barrier between the embryo and the surroundings. The wide space outside the eggshell is available for measurements of embryonic physiological functions. Taking advantage of the hard eggshell, several methods have been developed to measure cardiogenic signals while maintaining an adequate gas exchange through the eggshell and cardiac rhythms of developing embryos have been determined. This review introduces the measuring methods for cardiogenic signals of embryos and shows daily changes (developmental pattern) of some cardiovascular variables. Daily determinations of heart rate (HR) from the cardiogenic signals exhibit developmental patterns of mean HR (MHR) in embryos of various species of birds. An allometric relationship is found between the fresh egg mass and embryonic MHR in 34 species of birds investigated so far. The developmental patterns of MHR are also determined by continuous measurements of HR to investigate a presence or absence of infradian, circadian and ultradian rhythms in developing embryos and also hatchlings. For investigation into beat-to-beat rhythms, instantaneous heart rate (IHR) is determined in prepipped and pipped embryos and hatchlings. In chickens, IHR baseline begins to fluctuate with appearance of transient decelerations with subsequent accelerations during the middle of incubation and distinctive patterns of IHR fluctuations develop in embryos and hatchlings. The patterns and baseline of IHR respond to exposure to altered environments and measurements of their responses have a possibility to elucidate development of some physiological functions.","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124027463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender-Specific Expression of Arginine-Vasotocin in the Chicken Brain","authors":"R. Grossmann, A. Jurkevich, S. Klein","doi":"10.3184/147020604783638092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3184/147020604783638092","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118534,"journal":{"name":"Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125052936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}