Environmental Biology of Fishes最新文献

{"title":"Glycosylation on the Antifreeze and Antioxidant Capacities of Tilapia Gelatin Hydrolysates","authors":"Ying Liu, Zongcai Tu, Qiuyu Lu, Shengnan Zhan, Ru Jia, Zhaohui Qiao, Huamao Wei, Tao Huang","doi":"10.3390/fishes10020065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10020065","url":null,"abstract":"The antifreeze and antioxidant capacities of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) gelatin hydrolysates were investigated, after glycosylation with saccharides of varying molecular weights, to enhance their functional properties to widen its commercial application in frozen aquatic products. Glycosylation was conducted by mixing gelatin hydrolysates with ribose, glucose, maltose, and dextran (20 kDa) at a 1:1 mass ratio; the glycosylation products had a pH of 10 and were incubated at 80 °C for 1 h. The results showed that the glycosylation degree ranked as: ribose > glucose > maltose > dextran. The mass spectrometry analysis showed that 17, 32, and 5 glycosylation sites were identified for ribose, glucose, and maltose, respectively, suggesting a molecular weight-dependent effect. Spectroscopic analyses, including ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, revealed that the gelatin hydrolysate structure was expanded, with chromophores in hydrophilic environments; a blue shift in the amide A and II bands confirmed that the amino group was involved. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed conformational changes with a red shift at 303.4 nm and a reduction in intensity. Antifreeze activity, such as catalase freezing protection and shrimp surimi protein stability, and antioxidant activity, including radical scavenging and metal ion chelation, were significantly improved. Ribose exhibited the strongest effects, followed by maltose and glucose. These results demonstrate the potential of glycosylation to improve gelatin hydrolysates for functional applications.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"10 2","pages":"65-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/10/2/65/pdf?version=1740397702","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid Improves Growth, Physiology, Intestinal Microbiota, and Muscle Development in Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)","authors":"Xiaodi Xu, Xiaochuan Zheng, Changyou Song, Xin Liu, Qunlan Zhou, Cunxin Sun, Aimin Wang, Ai‐Min Zhu, Bo Liu","doi":"10.3390/fishes10020038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10020038","url":null,"abstract":"Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), one of the bile acids, is thought to be involved in the regulation of muscle nutrient metabolism and gut microbial homeostasis. However, the effect of dietary addition of TCDCA on Procambarus clarkii is unclear. Therefore, in this study, an 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of TCDCA on P. clarkii growth, physiology, muscle quality and gut microbes. The results indicated that dietary addition of TCDCA not only improved growth performance (final weight; weight gain; and specific growth rate) but also increased muscle elasticity and protein content. In addition, dietary TCDCA promotes muscle growth and development by increasing myofiber length, which is consistent with the activation of the expression of genes related to protein utilization (TOR and AKT) and muscle proliferation and differentiation (MyHC, MLC1, MEF2A, MEF2B). Importantly, 16s rRNA sequencing demonstrated that dietary TCDCA had no significant effect on gut microbial composition (alpha diversity) but significantly increased microbial abundance at the genus level. Functional prediction analysis of differential microbes revealed that dietary TCDCA may promote metabolism by altering gut microbes, thereby promoting muscle quality. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the dietary addition of TCDCA promotes P. clarkii growth and muscle quality and protein deposition by altering gut microbes.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"10 2","pages":"38-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/10/2/38/pdf?version=1737535264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147878219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Role and Pathological and Immune Responses of Silver Nanoparticles Against Two Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Strains at Different Virulence Levels in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","authors":"Yu Guo, Chaoli Zheng, Yingfei Wang, Yongji Dang, Ruiyuan Li, Ye Tao, Yucheng Yang, Xiao‐Feng Sun, Zihua Song, Pengcheng Sun, Qian Zhang, Dandan Qian, Wenhao Ren, X. Cao, Bowen Wang, Meng-Xi Xu, Bin Jiang, Yujing Li, Qingjie Sun, Jinye Wang, Lei Zheng, Yanling Sun","doi":"10.3390/fishes10010029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10010029","url":null,"abstract":"Aeromonas species are among the main pathogens causing rainbow trout infections. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties and are usually produced by various green-synthesis methods. However, the application of commercialized AgNPs has not fully been clarified. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of commercialized AgNPs (range of sizes 10–12 nm) on two contrasting A. salmonicida strains (I-1 and I-4), isolated from rainbow trout; the antibacterial mechanism, histopathological alterations and the expression of immune-related genes were investigated. In vitro, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 10 µg/mL for I-1, and lowered to 9.5 µg/mL for I-4, respectively. AgNPs were shown to disrupt both the cell wall and membrane of I-1 and I-4, resulting in cell lysis and degradation. In vivo, rainbow trout challenged by immersed or intraperitoneally injected infection, the 10 µg/mL AgNP-treated groups, both showed delayed deaths and lower mortalities compared to the control groups, without any clinical signs and pathological changes. Especially for the virulent I-4, the enhanced expressions of immune-related genes TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-11 were significantly reduced in the AgNP-treated group, indicating a lesser inflammation due to the application of AgNPs. This study would lay theoretical foundation for the wide application of silver nanoparticles in fish diseases.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"10 1","pages":"29-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/10/1/29/pdf?version=1736774356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Involvement of Melatonin and Its Receptors in Reproductive Regulation of the Marine Teleost, Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","authors":"Xudong Liang, Jixiu Wang, Baoyi Huang, Haojie Yuan, Yucheng Ren, Chenqian Wu, Tianming Wang, Jingwen Yang","doi":"10.3390/fishes10010028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10010028","url":null,"abstract":"Melatonin is a critical regulator of biological rhythms across organisms, transducing light signals into neuroendocrine signals that facilitate reproductive regulation in response to environmental cues. However, the precise mechanisms through which melatonin regulates reproduction in fish require further investigation. In this study, we employed molecular and organizational biological techniques to examine the expression patterns of melatonin and its five receptor subtypes (LcMTNR1A1, LcMTNR1A2, LcMTNR1B1, LcMTNR1B2, and LcMTNR1C) in various tissues of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Our results revealed significant expression of all receptors in the pituitary and testes, with distinct gender differences, including a lack of expression in the ovary. Moreover, our data indicate that melatonin and its receptors are primarily expressed during stage III, highlighting their role in sexual maturity. Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results further demonstrated that in vitro melatonin incubation in the brain of L. crocea influenced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and testosterone secretion in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting actions beyond the classical hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Overall, our findings provide new evidence supporting the role of the melatonin system in reproductive regulation in marine teleosts.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"10 1","pages":"28-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/10/1/28/pdf?version=1736515121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147914458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Effects of Letrozole and 17α-Methyltestosterone on the Expression of Reproductive-Related Genes in Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)","authors":"Qi Zhou, Yan Wang, Yuwen Guo, Guangli Li, Tao Wang, Huapu Chen","doi":"10.3390/fishes10010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10010021","url":null,"abstract":"Aromatase inhibitor letrozole (LZ) and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) are commonly used for sex control breeding to induce female-to-male sex reversal in aquaculture. However, studies on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of LZ and MT are still limited. Here, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted on the hypothalamus, the gonad, and the liver of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) after 30 days of LZ and MT treatment, which demonstrated significant sexual size dimorphism. Following LZ treatment, the transcriptome data identified 156, 890, and 1286 different expression genes (DEGs) in the hypothalamus, the liver, and the gonad, respectively. After MT treatment, the transcriptome data identified 114, 876, and 950 DEGs in the hypothalamus, the liver, and the gonad, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were involved in oocyte meiosis and steroid-hormone synthesis following LZ treatment. Similarly, the analysis indicated that DEGs were associated with cysteine and methionine metabolism and steroid-hormone synthesis after MT treatment. Further analysis showed that LZ treatment can promote the first meiotic division but inhibit the second meiotic division of the oocyte. MT treatment promotes polyamine synthesis to induce oocyte apoptosis, both of which affect the trajectory of ovarian differentiation in golden pompano. However, LZ and MT have converse effects in sex hormone synthesis. LZ inhibits estrogen metabolism but promotes cholesterol synthesis by regulating sqle, cyp3a40, ugt1a1, and ugt2a1, while MT promotes estrogen metabolism but inhibits the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by regulating cyp19a1, cyp1a, and hsd17b7. This study reveals that both LZ and MT may inhibit the ovarian differentiation and induce masculinization through different regulatory mechanisms, which provides a fundamental insight into the sex control breeding in aquaculture.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"10 1","pages":"21-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/10/1/21/pdf?version=1736223670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of climate change on growth of Arctic charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>).","authors":"Haley K Gendron, Ross F Tallman, Margaret F Docker","doi":"10.1007/s10641-025-01743-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10641-025-01743-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Arctic is warming at an unprecedented rate and with longer growing seasons, greater rainfall, and less snowfall. Cold-adapted ectotherms, such as the Arctic charr, <i>Salvelinus alpinus</i> (Linnaeus 1758), are likely to experience changes to growth as a result. Anadromous Arctic charr (charr, hereafter) are of great importance for northern communities, providing a source of income from commercial fisheries and food security from subsistence harvest. Initially, warming is expected to increase the growth of charr, benefitting subsistence and commercial fisheries in the short term. However, over longer time scales, temperatures exceeding the optimum for growth will likely result in metabolic stress, slowed growth, and higher mortality. Thus, the long-term consequences of climate change will likely be negative. We assessed anadromous charr growth from 1984 to 2013 in three stocks around Cumberland Sound using otolith measurements as proxies for age-specific growth. Trend analyses indicated growth had increased in pre-migratory ages over the years. We used mixed models to investigate changes to growth for ages 1-10 in relation to climate variables, finding that growing degree days had the greatest positive influence on ages 1-6 while annual precipitation had an overall negative effect on growth in ages 1-2 and 6-10. Contrary to previous assessments on these stocks, our results suggest charr have indeed experienced changes to growth with climate change. These findings emphasize the need for more thorough long-term growth studies in the management of fisheries as altered growth will affect food security and the economy across the Canadian Arctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"108 12","pages":"2087-2104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12615573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145539034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T6SS-Mediated Molecular Interaction Mechanism of Host Immune Response to Rahnella aquatilis Infection in Fish","authors":"Ge Jin, Xiucai Hu, Yanyan Cao, Aijun Lv","doi":"10.3390/fishes9120525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9120525","url":null,"abstract":"Rahnella aquatilis is an emerging pathogen in fish that poses a potential risk to human and public health. However, its pathogenicity and molecular interaction mechanism with the fish host are still poorly understood. For this study, we conducted analyses into the artificial infection, bacterial load, histopathological observation, and molecular characterization of T6SS, as well as its mediated host immune response to R. aquatilis infection. The results showed that the R. aquatilis KCL-5 strain had high pathogenicity in teleosts, such as the cyprinid fish crucian carp Carassius auratus and the zebrafish Danio rerio, as well as a macrophage infection model that was successfully established, both in vivo and in vitro. A significant time-dependent increase in bacterial distribution in the infected tissues of crucian carp was examined using real-time qPCR and immunohistochemical analysis. The recombinant plasmid pET32a-hcp of T6SS was constructed and the fusion protein was of the expected size of 35.9 kD, as shown by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Moreover, the single-cell identification of kidney-derived Mφ/Mo cells was achieved, defined with the potential cellular marker gene expression in each cell and the genes’ expression of bacterial chemotaxis and flagellar assembly, inflammation, and PRRs, as well as the T6SS-mediated interaction between fish host cells and KCL-5, which was verified by multi-omics analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T6SS/PAMPs-PRRs pathways related to the emerging R. aquatilis pathogen–host interaction mechanism in fish.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"9 12","pages":"525-525"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/12/525/pdf?version=1734949452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147918999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Heme Cavity Is Essential for the Peroxidase and Antibacterial Activity of Homodimer Hemoglobin from the Blood Clam Tegillarca granosa","authors":"Lili Pu, Shuting Dai, Zongming Wu, Sufang Wang, Yongbo Bao","doi":"10.3390/fishes9120512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9120512","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the essential role of the heme cavity in the peroxidase and antibacterial activities of homodimeric hemoglobin (Tg-HbI) from the blood clam Tegillarca granosa. After treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the peroxidase and antibacterial activities of the Tg-HbI were significantly inhibited, with the degree of inhibition correlating positively with the SDS concentration. Fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and molecular docking analysis further revealed that SDS interacts with key amino acid residues (e.g., His70 and His102) in the heme cavity of Tg-HbI, causing conformational changes that disrupt the internal hydrophobic interactions, thus inhibiting its function. This study confirms that the antibacterial effect of Tg-HbI is mediated through its peroxidase activity and that the heme cavity plays a critical role in maintaining this activity. These findings lay a foundation for further research on the immune defense functions of hemoglobin and provide new insights into the mechanisms of environmental adaptation in T. granosa.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"9 12","pages":"512-512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/12/512/pdf?version=1734248738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147913107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oligochitosan Mitigates Vibrio harveyi Infection in Hybrid Groupers (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) by Modulating Immune Responses and Disease-Related Pathways","authors":"Fei Shi, Lixin Ma, Zhilong Chen, Hao Zhao, Cuiyun Zou, Li Lin, Zhendong Qin","doi":"10.3390/fishes9120506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9120506","url":null,"abstract":"Vibrio harveyi is an important pathogen causing enteritis in hybrid groupers. However, its effects on the intestinal microbiota and the regulatory effects of oligochitosan on Vibrio-infected groupers are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of infection with V. harveyi and oligochitosan administration on the growth performance, immune responses, and intestinal transcriptome profiles of hybrid groupers during a 60-day rearing period. Growth parameters were reduced in Vibrio-infected groupers, while oligochitosan improved the body weight. Biochemical analysis showed reduced antioxidant enzyme activity and increased lipid peroxidation in Vibrio-infected groupers, which were consequently improved by oligochitosan. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the disease-related and immune system pathways that significantly accumulated in the treatment groups. An evaluation of the immune response showed a significant down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, antioxidant genes, and tight-junction proteins in Vibrio-infected groupers, which was partially restored by oligochitosan. Additionally, intestinal apoptosis, indicated by TUNEL signaling, was observed to significantly increase in Vibrio-infected groupers and was subsequently alleviated by oligochitosan supplementation. These results demonstrate the detrimental effects of V. harveyi infection on the growth and immune function of hybrid groupers and the potential of oligochitosan to attenuate these effects.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"9 12","pages":"506-506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/12/506/pdf?version=1733925259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147899579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection of Reference Genes by Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Different Cell Lines from Humpback Grouper (Cromileptes altivelis)","authors":"Xiangyu Du, Han Zhang, Longfei Zhu, Zhenjie Cao, Chen Zhang, Ying Wu, Yongcan Zhou, Yun Sun","doi":"10.3390/fishes9120491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9120491","url":null,"abstract":"Humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) is an economically important fish, but the increasing density of its farming has led to more severe disease outbreaks. To address this challenge, we established brain (CAB) and kidney (CAK) cell lines in our laboratory previously, providing a valuable tool for in vitro studies on immune responses. In this study, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to identify the optimal reference gene from six reference genes for CAB and CAK cells, under both normal conditions and after stimulation with LPS or Poly I: C. The qRT-PCR data were analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software (Version 3.5) to ensure comprehensve evaluation. The results showed that RPL13 was the most stable reference gene for both CAB and CAK cells under normal conditions. Following LPS stimulation, TTLL1 was the best reference gene for CAB cells, while RPL13 remained the most suitable for CAK cells. For Poly I: C stimulation, EF1A and Actin were identified as the most stable reference genes for CAB and CAK cells, respectively. To confirm the reliability of the selected reference genes, we analyzed the expression of the cytokine genes IL-6 and IFN-h, demonstrating the dependability of these reference genes. This study lays a solid foundation for exploring gene expression patterns in humpback grouper cell lines under various experimental conditions, providing essential insights for future research into immune processes and disease control strategies in aquaculture.","PeriodicalId":11799,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","volume":"9 12","pages":"491-491"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/12/491/pdf?version=1732955399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147878273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}