Epilepsia最新文献

{"title":"Epilepsy-heart syndrome: Concept, clinical context, and opportunity for integrated care.","authors":"Gashirai K Mbizvo, Iain E Buchan, Anthony G Marson, Gregory Y H Lip","doi":"10.1111/epi.18356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this concept paper, we introduce epilepsy-heart syndrome as a shared burden of illness between epilepsy and cardiac disorders. This pragmatic definition is agnostic of which condition came first (the epilepsy or the cardiac disorder), recognising that these conditions can each serve as a risk factor for the other owing to a bidirectional relationship that exists between the brain and the heart. To provide clinical context, we include ictal asystole as an example phenotype of epilepsy-heart syndrome. We highlight evidence of patients with ictal asystole coming to harm owing to the failure of integrated care between neurology and cardiology. This underscores epilepsy-heart syndrome as an unmet need for collaborative care between neurology and cardiology. To address this, we propose a framework for integrated care, drawing upon our own centre's recently established and successful multidisciplinary team meeting (MDT) between neurologists and cardiologists, our joint cardiology-neurology PhD programme, and our work developing a joint national guideline on ictal asystole management between the Association of British Neurologists (ABN) and the British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS).</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cerebellum in epilepsy.","authors":"Christopher Elder, Rebecca Kerestes, Puneet Opal, Maria Marchese, Orrin Devinsky","doi":"10.1111/epi.18316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cerebellum, a subcortical structure, is traditionally linked to sensorimotor integration and coordination, although its role in cognition and affective behavior, as well as epilepsy, is increasingly recognized. Cerebellar dysfunction in patients with epilepsy can result from genetic disorders, antiseizure medications, seizures, and seizure-related trauma. Impaired cerebellar function, regardless of cause, can cause ataxia (imbalance, impaired coordination, unsteady gait), tremor, gaze-evoked nystagmus, impaired slow gaze pursuit and saccade accuracy, as well as speech deficits (slurred, scanning, or staccato). We explore how cerebellar dysfunction can contribute to epilepsy, reviewing data on genetic, infectious, and neuroinflammatory disorders. Evidence of cerebellar dysfunction in epilepsy comes from animal studies as well as human neuropathology and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional and diffusion tensor MRI, positron emission and single photon emission computerized tomography, and depth electrode electro-encephalography studies. Cerebellar lesions can infrequently cause epilepsy, with focal motor, autonomic, and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Antiseizure medication-resistant epilepsy typically presents in infancy or before age 1 year with hemifacial clonic or tonic seizures ipsilateral to the cerebellar mass. Lesions are typically asymmetric benign or low-grade tumors in the floor of the fourth ventricle involving the cerebellar peduncles and extending to the cerebellar hemisphere. Electrical stimulation of the cerebellum has yielded conflicting results on efficacy, although methodological issues confound interpretation. Epilepsy-related comorbidities including cognitive and affective disorders, falls, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy may also be impacted by cerebellar dysfunction. We discuss how cerebellar dysfunction may drive seizures and how genetic epilepsies, seizures and seizure therapies may drive cerebellar dysfunction, and how our understanding of epilepsy-related comorbidities through basic neuroscience, animals models and patient studies can advance our understanding and improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathology in children before and after epilepsy surgery: a prospective controlled study.","authors":"Giulia Matta, Tiziana Pisano, Laura Grisotto, Flavio Giordano, Elena Cavallini, Claudia Accolla, Carmen Barba, Renzo Guerrini","doi":"10.1111/epi.18345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study was undertaken to prospectively assess the frequency and type of psychiatric disorders (PDs) in pediatric surgical candidates and evaluate the effects of epilepsy surgery on their psychopathological profile.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a prospective controlled study. Psychopathology was assessed using both diagnostic interviews and questionnaires completed by clinicians, parents, and whenever possible, patients, at baseline (T0) and 1 year after surgery in operated patients (T1) and 1 year after the first evaluation in a control group of nonoperated patients (T1). A \"global assessment measure\" was developed to integrate the results of the interviews, and the questionnaires were administered to multiple informants, at both T0 and T1. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analyses were performed for all outcomes. An ordinal logistic regression model was estimated to analyze the correlation between surgical treatment and possible changes in psychopathology at T1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At T0, 103 children (42 females, mean age at first evaluation = 9.5 ± 3.92 years) with lesional epilepsy were included in the study. Thirty-two patients (31.07%) had at least one PD, and 17 (16.5%) had more than one PD of any type. Sixty-two (60.2%) of 103 patients were enrolled for the T1 phase of the study, of whom 39 underwent epilepsy surgery. The ordinal logistic model revealed that patients who underwent surgery and achieved Engel class I outcome were 17.57 times (p = .047) more likely to experience improvement in their psychopathological profile than those who were not operated on and continued to experience seizures.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>This prospective controlled study demonstrates a high prevalence of PD in pediatric surgical candidates and a correlation between successful surgery and reduced PD burden. An integrated approach encompassing diagnostic interviews and questionnaires, and accounting for potential disagreement between multiple informants, is essential for carefully assessing psychiatric comorbidities in children with drug-resistant seizures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic value of interictal epileptiform discharges on routine EEG in adults with epilepsy.","authors":"Émile Lemoine, Mezen Jemel, An Qi Xu, Jean-Daniel Tessier, Frédéric Lesage, Dang K Nguyen, Elie Bou Assi","doi":"10.1111/epi.18318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) on routine electroencephalography (EEG) predict seizure recurrence in adults with established epilepsy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective survival analysis of consecutive adults with epilepsy undergoing routine EEG at a tertiary center between 2018 and 2019. Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models guided by a directed acyclic graph and adjusted for confounders including past seizure frequency and duration of epilepsy, we estimated the association between the presence of IEDs and time to next seizure, stratified by epilepsy type.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 488 consecutive routine EEG studies from 438 patients. Over a median follow-up of 124.5 weeks, seizures recurred in 50.4% of cases. The presence of IEDs was associated with increased seizure risk in both focal (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.15, p = .043) and generalized epilepsy (aHR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.08-3.06, p = .024).</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>IEDs on routine EEG independently predict increased seizure risk in adults with epilepsy, with a stronger effect in generalized epilepsies. This suggests that routine EEG may have prognostic value during epilepsy follow-up and warrant further investigations as a potential prognostic biomarker to help inform clinical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunity and neuroinflammation in early stages of life and epilepsy.","authors":"Angelica Vega García, María Leonor López-Meraz, Marco I González, Luisa Rocha, Jose Eduardo Peixoto-Santos, Esper Abrão Cavalheiro","doi":"10.1111/epi.18361","DOIUrl":"10.1111/epi.18361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immune system is crucial for the correct brain development, and recent findings also point toward central control of immune response. As the immune system is not fully developed at birth, the early years become an important window for infections and for the development of epilepsy. Both central and even peripheral inflammation may impact brain function, promoting opening of the blood-brain/blood and cerebrospinal barriers and allowing entry of immune cells and cytokines, which in turn may affect neuron function and connections. The resident brain immune cells, microglia, besides providing protection, also affect neurons, myelination, and astrocyte function. They may, via the complement system, remove synapses, both physiologically and pathologically. After seizures during development, activated microglia releases proinflammatory molecules, which are detrimental for neurons, and inhibition of microglial activation shows promising antiepileptogenic effects. In addition to cytokines, seizures and excessive excitability stimulate calpain 2 expression, which can promote neuron loss and contribute to amplification of inflammatory responses via stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines. In summary, the immature immune system during postnatal early life may be an important target for the development of long-desired antiepileptogenic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of antiseizure medication concentration ranges in blood samples using an automated big data approach.","authors":"Mariam Nersesjan, Elke Hoffmann-Lücke, Eva Greibe, Per Hersom Aaslo, Lasse Kristoffer Bak, Lars Engers Pedersen, Palle Bach Nielsen Fruekilde, Anette Stark, Jakob Christensen, Andreas Brønden, Jens Borggaard Larsen","doi":"10.1111/epi.18330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study is to provide insight into the real-world use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for the most common antiseizure medications (ASMs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 137 586 samples from the period 2019-2023 were collected from the five main Danish laboratories performing TDM. A previously described algorithm developed to exclude abnormal TDM results from patient data was applied. This resulted in the inclusion of 84 951 samples from 53 406 patients. Concentration ranges were calculated as 10th to 90th percentiles for the datasets of the ASMs: brivaracetam, carbamazepine, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, phenobarbital, topiramate, valproic acid, and zonisamide. The observed concentration ranges were compared to the established reference ranges from Danish laboratories, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie (AGNP). Furthermore, data were stratified based on sex, age groups (0-17, 18-64, and 65-100 years) and indication (all indications vs psychiatric indication).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The observed concentration ranges showed good overall concordance with reference ranges from Danish laboratories except for levetiracetam, whereas the ranges for brivaracetam, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, valproic acid, and zonisamide were different from the AGNP and ILAE guidelines. Age-related differences were identified for several of the drugs. The calculated range of lamotrigine was lower in samples requested from psychiatric departments compared to samples from non-psychiatric departments.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>The applied automated approach can facilitate a fast and efficient method for comparing established reference ranges with nationwide TDM datasets, thereby allowing continual monitoring of laboratory reference ranges. The findings from this study suggest that the Danish reference range for levetiracetam should be reevaluated. Furthermore, dose adjustment may be relevant for levetiracetam, topiramate, and lacosamide to account for age-related changes in metabolism. The lower concentration range for lamotrigine in the psychiatric population indicates that it may be effective at lower concentrations in patients with bipolar disorder compared to patients with epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term safety and effectiveness of fenfluramine in children and adults with Dravet syndrome.","authors":"Ingrid E Scheffer, Rima Nabbout, Lieven Lagae, Orrin Devinsky, Stéphane Auvin, Elizabeth A Thiele, Elaine C Wirrell, Tilman Polster, Nicola Specchio, Milka Pringsheim, Katsumi Imai, Michael D Lock, Mélanie Langlois, Rebecca Zhang Roper, Amélie Lothe, Joseph Sullivan","doi":"10.1111/epi.18342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We analyzed the long-term safety and effectiveness of fenfluramine (FFA) in patients with Dravet syndrome (DS) in an open-label extension (OLE) study after participating in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or commencing FFA de novo as adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with DS who participated in one of three RCTs or were 19 to 35 years of age and started FFA de novo were included. Key endpoints were: incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in the safety population, and median percentage change in monthly convulsive seizure frequency (MCSF) from the RCT baseline to end of study (EOS) in the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population. Post hoc analyses compared effectiveness in patients on concomitant stiripentol (STP) vs those not taking STP, and assessed safety (TEAEs) and effectiveness (Clinical Global Impression-Improvement [CGI-I] scale ratings) in patients enrolled as adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 374 patients, including 45 adults, received ≥1 FFA dose. Median FFA exposure was 824 days (range, 7-1280). TEAEs occurring in ≥10% of patients were pyrexia, nasopharyngitis, decreased appetite, seizure, decreased blood glucose, diarrhea, abnormal echocardiography (only physiologic regurgitation), upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, vomiting, and ear infection; no valvular heart disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension was observed over the OLE. In the mITT population (n = 324), median percentage change in MCSF from baseline to EOS was -66.8% (p < .001). The post hoc analyses of MCSF change from baseline to EOS in patients on concomitant STP (n = 75) was -36.2% vs -71.6% in those not on concomitant STP (n = 234) (p < .0001). In adult patients, 29 of 41 (70.7%) and 29 of 42 patients (69.1%) demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement on CGI-I at last visit as rated by caregivers and investigators, respectively.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Our OLE study of FFA in patients with DS confirmed previous positive findings and extended the exposure up to 3.5 years. No new or unexpected safety signals were observed and FFA demonstrated sustained and clinically meaningful reduction in MCSF.</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative risk of major health events among individuals prescribed different antiseizure medications following ischemic stroke.","authors":"Stella Jung-Hyun Kim, Clara Marquina, Emma Foster, J Simon Bell, Jenni Ilomäki","doi":"10.1111/epi.18336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare the risk of seizure, recurrent stroke, fall or fracture, and mortality in individuals prescribed different antiseizure medications (ASMs) following an ischemic stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We identified all patients admitted to a Victorian public or private hospital with a principal diagnosis of an incident ischemic stroke between 2013 and 2017 and dispensed an ASM within 12 months of discharge. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the risk of cause-specific rehospitalization or emergency department visits (seizure, fall or fracture, recurrent stroke) and all-cause mortality over a 2-year period. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was applied to each model to adjust for baseline covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 19 601 individuals hospitalized for incident ischemic stroke, 897 initiated ASM treatment within 12 months. More than three quarters were initiated on a non-enzyme-inducing ASM (78.0%). Levetiracetam (41.9%), valproate (28.4%), and carbamazepine (11.4%) were commonly dispensed initial ASMs. Non-enzyme-inducing ASMs demonstrated similar risk of seizure (hazard ratio [HR] = .93, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .63-1.37), fall or fracture (HR = 1.47, 95% CI = .92-2.34), stroke (HR = .83; 95% CI = .52-1.33), and mortality (HR = .96; 95% CI = .69-1.32) compared to enzyme-inducing ASMs. However, when valproate was grouped as a separate class, non-enzyme-inducing ASMs (HR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.04-2.71) showed higher risk of fall or fracture compared to enzyme-inducing ASMs.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>At a population level, ASMs of different types showed no significant differences in the risk of hospitalization or emergency department presentation for seizure, fall or fracture, stroke, and mortality within 2 years of an incident stroke presentation, suggesting similar short-term health outcomes in a real-world setting. Future research should investigate decision-making around ASM choice for stroke survivors and examine the impact of long-term ASM exposure on health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unique features of seizure-induced cardiorespiratory failure in SS^Kcnj16-/- rats: Implications for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.","authors":"Melissa Eilbes, Alexander Gallo, Wasif A Osmani, Paloma Bittencourt-Silva, Anna D Manis, Matthew R Hodges","doi":"10.1111/epi.18360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients with uncontrolled epilepsy are at high risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which likely results from a pathological, seizure-induced disruption of vital physiological systems. The objective of this study was to characterize seizure-induced physiological dysfunction leading to death in SS^Kcnj16-/- rats and determine the importance of time of day of seizures regarding mortality rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female SS^Kcnj16-/- rats were surgically implanted with an arterial pressure telemeter and chronically housed in a custom plethysmograph. This setup allowed for continuous measurement of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and behavior before and during a 10-day seizure protocol. Audiogenic seizure inductions were time-restricted to the early (8-10 a.m.) or late (4-6 p.m.) inactive periods. We assessed acute and chronic physiological functions before, during, and after repeated seizures in both survival and death events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Time-restricted audiogenic seizures in SS^Kcnj16-/- rats induced transient disruptions in breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature, which eventually normalized in both survival and death events. However, after returning to physiological normalization, death was preceded by subsequent spontaneous physiological decompensation, characterized by altered breathing patterns, hypotension, and hypothermia. Finally, seizure-induced mortality was highest during the early and late inactive periods compared to historical data without time restriction and was greater in females than in males but did not correlate with prior seizure severity or number.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Understanding the causes of SUDEP in patients with epilepsy is limited due to unpredictable and heterogeneous circumstances and incomplete physiological data. This study provides insights into seizure-induced and delayed physiological decompensation leading to SUDEP-like events, demonstrating a need for additional prospective, integrated physiological measures for a more complete picture of SUDEP.</p>","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epileptic spasms and RNA analysis in a new case of Kabuki syndrome type 2.","authors":"Flavia Privitera, Camilla Meossi, Filippo Maria Santorelli, Emanuele Bartolini","doi":"10.1111/epi.18362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18362","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11768,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}