Архитектура и дизайн最新文献

{"title":"External enclosing structures of a rural house in Siberia: Soviet experience","authors":"Mariya Vyacheslavovna Dranitsa","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38142","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the construction of low-rise houses in rural settlements of Siberia of the Soviet period. Changes in the country affected the construction of rural settlements in Siberia. Changes in the formation of rural settlements affected the external enclosing structures. The main development trends and characteristic features of external enclosing structures are determined. Prerequisites for the use of new materials for enclosing structures are described. Typical design is considered as a means of ensuring fast and high-quality construction of rural houses in Siberia, and its impact on enclosing structures revealed. The external enclosing structures in the design and construction of \"exemplary\" rural settlements are considered. The external enclosing structures of low-rise housing construction in Siberia during the Soviet period are considered as an object of research. The subject of the study is the methods of analysis of scientific literature and system–structural analysis of rural houses in Siberia and their external enclosing structures built in the Soviet period. The novelty lies in the fact that the changes in the construction of Siberian rural houses during the Soviet period were considered and how they affected the external enclosing structures. The main conclusions are that radical changes took place in rural settlements of Siberia during the Soviet period, this was reflected in the external enclosing structures. The traditional wooden materials were replaced by factory-made materials. At that time, they tried to unify low-rise rural houses. Standard projects were developed that could be adapted to the Siberian climatic conditions. The revision of design standards contributed to the development and implementation of new design approaches. This has led to an increase in the typological diversity of housing with various types of external enclosing structures. During this period, \"exemplary\" rural settlements in Siberia began to be actively designed and built, for the construction of which materials of factory-made external enclosing structures with the addition of local materials were used.\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116827047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prerequisites for taking into account the influence of air exchange in the design of residential districts in the regulatory documentation","authors":"E. V. Vdovina","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38141","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many cities face environmental problems, which are currently receiving a lot of attention. The layout of the city' micro-district corresponding to the regulations can provide the most favorable environmental conditions due to air exchange. The building of the city has been developing for centuries, microdistricts have a layout that was regulated by the law, valid at the times of their construction. The object of research is the processes of air exchange in city districts – on the example of Krasnoyarsk. The method of analysis of scientific sources and standards was used for the study, which allowed determining the chronology of changes in factors affecting air exchange and building blocks. The study includes the solution of the following tasks: analysis of the building regulations affecting air exchange in the neighborhood; to determine the principles of planning a residential neighborhood and establish their compliance with the standards on the example of the city of Krasnoyarsk; to consider the prerequisites for the implementation of an environmental aspect in building codes. For the sake of clarity of the data obtained on the problems of air exchange and the principles of development of microdistricts, the history of the planning structure of the development of Krasnoyarsk is investigated. As a result of the study, a general characteristic of the development of regulatory requirements for the development of microdistricts has been identified and presented. The relevance of the topic is determined by the presence of a problem with the accumulation of harmful substances in residential neighborhoods in Krasnoyarsk. In the current planning methods of development in some residential areas of Krasnoyarsk, this problem cannot be solved due to the increase in height and density of buildings while maintaining the same values of distances between buildings, since the regulatory requirements of insolation do not ensure effective ventilation of the district. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that not all previous standards included effective regulations to ensure the necessary air exchange, or they are completely absent. In these standards, factors affecting effective air exchange (height of buildings, distances between buildings and the angle of the buildings) were determined by other requirements, such as sanitary and fire safety standards, insolation requirements.\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131273025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a model and methods for calculating the humidity regime in enclosing structures","authors":"Yuliya Evgen'evna Kuz'menko","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38143","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article presents a historical overview of the development of the moisture transfer model, calculation methods, as well as the emergence of rationing for the protection of enclosing structures from waterlogging. In particular, the historical periodization of the development of features and approaches to the formation of methodological concepts in relation to the development of stationary and non-stationary methods for calculating the processes of steam condensation, diffusion and moisture transfer is considered. The article contains information from legal sources on the regulation of technological conditions for the use of methods for calculating the movement of moisture in enclosing structures. The author examines the existing models of visualization of calculated data by means of software. Further prospects for studying the presented calculation methods in the design of the structure and in construction are formed. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the formation of a conceptual innovative approach to the periodization of the development of methodological foundations for the study of stationary and non-stationary methods of calculating moisture transfer systems in Russia over the past century and up to the present time. The review of archival scientific and regulatory documentation made it possible to determine the vector of the emergence and development of the issue of moisture transfer models and methods for calculating the humidity conditions of enclosing structures. The results of the review indicate the great contribution of Russian scientists to the creation of theoretical foundations and the development of methods for calculating the humidity regime of fences. The occurrence of rationing of the humidity regime of external fences has been identified and analyzed. The chronology of the appearance of the model, methods of moisture transfer and rationing of protection against waterlogging of structures are analyzed. The parameters of the basic concepts of the periodization of the formation of the methodology for calculating moisture transfer in Russia since the early 20s of the last century have been investigated. Innovative visualization tools for stationary and non-stationary methods of calculating moisture transfer by means of software are presented.\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128937209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research of development and solution of problems of combined coverings of buildings","authors":"O. V. Volkova","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38124","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article analyzes the main problems of the structures of combined coatings of residential buildings, during which both climatic and human factors were investigated. In the course of the study, the main methods of solving problems with the use of materials, additional technical means and new construction technologies are considered. Thanks to a retrospective analysis, three main historical stages have been identified – from the beginning of the construction of houses under the program of full-assembled housing construction in 1970 to the present. The main problems and solutions in each stage of the development of combined coatings are investigated, as well as modern technical developments to eliminate coating deficiencies are described and existing coating schemes are considered. The main conclusions of the study are the presence of problems in the design of the coating in various climatic conditions by ignoring the construction area. Despite the development of combined coatings, the structure needs to be improved due to the presence of problems in rolled materials - the appearance of cracks due to climatic conditions and not observing the necessary protection, as well as in the thermal insulation layer – moisture accumulates and condensation appears due to unreliable rolled materials. Conclusions are drawn on the use of aerators for evaporation of moisture from the thermal insulation layer. Such modern methods of solving problems of combined coating as the device of a rolled carpet made of PVC membrane by a welded method are analyzed. At the moment, the design of coatings with these materials have the best performance characteristics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"250 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116592615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architectural and planning organization of peasant (farmer) farms in the conditions of socio-economic transformations in Russia: current trends and prospects for the development of farms","authors":"Eduard A. Bubenchikov","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2022.1.38026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as: the development of farms, the organization of the production environment, the formation of the architectural and planning structure, the influence of socio-economic legal conditions of the region and the peculiarities of the country on the planning structure of the farm, emerging trends in rural architecture. These aspects are now most relevant due to the complexity of rural production, the social stratification of the rural population, the establishment of market relations, new socio-economic requirements for architectural objects and new aesthetic requirements for the design of buildings and structures. The novelty of the research lies in the use of an environmental approach to solving urban planning and architectural problems of organizing a farmer's habitat. The main conclusions of the study are the formation of types of planning structures of the farm. Based on the conducted research, a scheme of planning structures of farms has been formed, the dependencies between the production and residential area of the farmer have been determined. The architectural and planning organization of peasant (farmer) farms in the structure of the district, region and industrial zones is determined. The sustainable direction of the rural environment has been determined at the present time. Also an important conclusion of the work is to determine the influence of the world order on the planning organization of farms.\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121077113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical experience of geological research and foundation construction on the example of the city of Norilsk.","authors":"P. S. Pakhomov","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.38153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.38153","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article analyzes the experience of geological exploration and construction on the example of the city of Norilsk, and also discusses their problems. In 1935, it was decided to build the Norilsk Metallurgical Plant and the village of Norilsk was founded. During the geological survey and construction, many problems arose, these include: - the spread of permafrost soils, and subsequently the thawing of soils acting as the base of buildings and structures; - a small number and scattered location of rocky soils suitable for use as a base; - limited technology capabilities; - long time and huge costs when using as a base, rocky soils. Those problems mostly arose due to the lack of experience in building foundations on permafrost, Norilsk is the first experience in this regard. To solve the problem of permafrost, the Norilsk Integrated Department of the Krasnoyarsk Institute \"Promstroyniiproekt\" was formed in 1959. The solution to the problem was found at that time by Mikhail Vasilyevich Kim, who was appointed to the post of head. The method of pile foundation in permafrost consisted in freezing the pile into the frozen ground. Thus, this method allowed not only to solve the problem with the construction of foundations on permafrost, but also to use it for construction purposes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129452143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical periodization of the development of standardization and rationing to create an affordable living environment for people with limited mobility","authors":"K.E. Ozhgibesova","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37194","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article is devoted to the topic of creating an accessible living environment for people with limited mobility in urban life. It is based on the timely introduction of norms and standards for the design of an accessible environment, with the help of which the standardization of the formation of living conditions for the qualitative transformation of the environment of a modern person takes place, increasing the level of quality of his life. The purpose of the study: to substantiate the historical periodization of the development of standardization and rationing to create an affordable living environment for low-mobility citizens in Russia. The subject of the study are standards and norms for the design of architectural objects with the formation of an accessible environment for MGN. Material base: the results of scientific research on this topic and the existing regulatory framework in the field under study. Research methods: theoretical – analysis, synthesis, modeling; empirical – study of various sources of information, analysis of received and collected data. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that at present the topic of creating an accessible environment for MGN has acquired special relevance and attention at the international level, since it concerns issues of liberality, equality and humanity, which are among the dominant moral ideas of modern progressive society. The chosen path of research is poorly studied, while there are enough studies in the following areas: features of the formation of an accessible living environment; analysis of the domestic regulatory and legislative framework for the formation of a barrier-free urban environment; development of ways to improve the effectiveness of measures to develop an inclusive environment in the interests of disabled people, etc. In this paper, norms and standards for historical periods in the field of designing infrastructure facilities are considered, taking into account their adaptation to the vital needs of low-mobility citizens. The result of the study is the given justification for the historical periodization of standardization and rationing to create an affordable living environment for MGN on the territory of the Russian Federation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122575608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foreign̆ and domestic̆ experience in assessing the quality level of residential̆ real estate","authors":"Natal'ya Aleksandrovna Kropotukhina","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37460","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The subject of the study is the quality management of construction products. Improving the quality of construction is extremely important, as it prolongs the life of residential buildings and reduces their operating costs. In this regard, the analysis and comparison of foreign and domestic approaches to assessing the level of quality of residential real estate objects will reveal the directions of development in the field of improving the quality of housing in our country. The article studies foreign and domestic systems of management and quality control of construction, highlights the parameters and principles of the quality system of foreign countries, interaction with other organizations, quality organizations, regulatory documents, according to which a comparative analysis of existing systems is carried out. Many countries have a high level of quality of their products, in particular construction. Improving the quality of construction in our country is also very important, as this increases the service life of residential buildings and reduces the cost of their operation. In this regard, analyzing and comparing the foreign and domestic approach to assessing the quality level of residential real estate, you can see the directions of development in the field of improving the quality of housing in our country. In this study, in order to identify quality control systems for the construction of residential real estate in different countries, the following characteristics of such control systems are adopted: (1) the principle of the quality system, (2) interaction with other organizations; (3) the supervisory authority; (4) regulatory documents. The characteristics of construction quality control systems adopted in this study are considered as the experience of such use in developed countries. The foreign experience in approaches and principles of control systems in Russia is investigated. \u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134256315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience of the profitable houses at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries and housing of the \"rented house\" type in modern Russia","authors":"Kristina Sergeevna Badikova","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37188","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The author in this article examines the experience of profitable houses in pre-revolutionary Russia at the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century and the problems of the residential real estate market such as rental houses in modern Russia of the XXI century. The article reveals the content of the concepts of profitable house and a rented house, and also shows their development.The author focuses on the similarities and differences between profitable house in pre-revolutionary Russia and rented housing in modern Russia in the form of a comparative table. The accumulated historical experience of the construction and operation of profitable houses is necessary for the construction of modern profitable houses, since at present the construction of this type of housing has a certain demand.The main conclusions of this study are that for a hundred years in Russia the concept of an profitable (rented) house has not changed significantly.As in pre-revolutionary times, today rented houses belong to one owner and are built specifically for renting for a fee, mostly apartment buildings are being built.The main differences are that modern rented houses are divided (approximately) into social and commercial use, while the structure of the house has changed: state, municipal and (or) other support is assumed only for the construction and operation of a rented house for social use, there are no benefits for commercial use (which is why private business is not developed).\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115831998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory and legal regulation in the issue of integrated development of urban areas","authors":"Mariya Valerevna Erbyagina","doi":"10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37323","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article examines and analyzes the experience of urban planning activities in the field of urban development from the 1990s to the present. The object of the study is the housing sector in the field of urban development management. It is proved that the existing mechanisms of urban development – integrated development of territories and development of built–up areas - have a number of disadvantages. Also, in the course of the work, the features of the application of the new regime of integrated development of the territory are considered and, based on the analysis, recommendations are proposed for improving economic efficiency and further development of legislation in the field of management of the development of the city's territories.The relevance of the work lies in the fact that the current mechanisms for managing the development of urban areas, which are used by the authorities, have not proven themselves as cost-effective tools that ensure the implementation of the necessary goals for the integrated development of territories (hereinafter - the CRT). Therefore, an important problem is the analysis of the problems of the regulatory framework in the issue of integrated development of urban areas. The purpose of the work is to develop recommendations and directions for improving the regulatory framework in the issue of increasing the economic efficiency of urban development. Research objectives: - to conduct a general analysis of urban planning theory in the development of mechanisms of urban areas; - to identify problems arising from the application of existing mechanisms; - to determine further directions for the development of urban planning legislation in matters of urban development. The study is based on an up-to-date formed base of regulatory and legal documents on the issues of integrated development of urban areas, the accumulated experience of their use in managing the development of urban areas.\u0000","PeriodicalId":115695,"journal":{"name":"Архитектура и дизайн","volume":"4 S3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113978117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}