Sport Science Review最新文献

{"title":"Development of Psychological Preparation Program for Football Referees: Pilot Study","authors":"B. Blumenstein, I. Orbach","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Successful football referees should have an excellent ability to cope with competitive stress. Therefore, psychological preparation is a necessary component for improving referees’ professionalism and optimal performance. This paper focuses on two main objectives: (1) Developing a Psychological Preparation Program specifically for football referees; (2) Evaluating referees’ behavior in precompetitive routine and during a football match before and after exposure to the Psychological Preparation Program. Thirty football referees participated in a newly developed Psychological Preparation Program which included three parts: Educational (i.e., lectures and self-evaluation), Acquisition (i.e., individual meetings and development of preperformance routine), and Evaluation (i.e., self-evaluation and assessing referee’s activities during a match). As a result of the program and based on referees’ self-evaluation, it can be concluded that our Psychological Preparation Program has a positive impact on the self-confidence of referees and their ability to cope with competitive stress. Future directions and suggested topics are discussed.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117079073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Playing Position: Anthropometric and Fitness Demands in Youth Soccer","authors":"Aristotelis Gioldasis, Evangelos Bekris, I. Gissis","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the anthropometric and fitness characteristics of soccer players with different positional role. Although, players’ skills are not equally distributed in each position, at elite soccer they have to perform each skill at a sufficient level. However, coaches expertise those from an early age in specific positions without giving them an holistic individualized training. In the study participated 312 Greek players aged 6 to 17 (M= 11.89; SD= 2.33) of 5 age groups (group U7-U8; group U9-U10; group U11-U12; group U13-U14; group U15-U16; group U17). Anthropometric (height, weight, body mass index and body fat) and fitness characteristics (flexibility, vertical jump, running speed, agility and VO2max) of participants were measured. The study showed that goalkeepers and central defenders tend to perform worse than players of the other positional groups in most of their fitness characteristics for almost all the age groups. Furthermore, many tendencies were observed in anthropometric and fitness characteristics between players with different positional roles. This study provides suggestions to coaches regarding their practice of positioning players according to their anthropometric and fitness characteristics for a short term success.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134160435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in the Global Gym and Fitness Culture","authors":"J. Andreasson, T. Johansson","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Today, fitness gyms and private health clubs are a huge global business. Fitness has turned into a folk movement, but not one comparable to the old 20th-century movements, often connected to national sentiments, but instead a highly individualized preoccupation. In this article the historical development of modern gym and fitness culture is described and an analytically developed approach to the understanding of the emergence of this multi-billion-dollar phenomenon is developed. The analysis suggest that the techniques, tools, and physical exercises used today in gyms all over the world are the results of a physical culture developed and refined during the 20th century. The body ideals, exercises, techniques, and the pedagogy of fitness have become an increasingly international enterprise. A tentative analysis of the globalization of gym and fitness culture is developed and presented. Three important and decisive phases in the globalization of gym and fitness culture are identified and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122847700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High School Volleyball Athletes’ Perceptions of Creating and Using Pre-Competition Warm-Up Music","authors":"Jeremy T. Yeats, Michael C. Rhoads, Mark A. Smith, L. White","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Historically there has been a strong relationship between music and sport performance. While research exists examining the relationship between music and sport performance, little attention has been paid to the role of pre-competition warm-up music or the effects of having teams create music playlists. After interviewing 12 female high school volleyball players, it was determined that warm-up music can play a large role in enhancing sport performance. Using a thematic analysis, four major themes were found: motivation, mood, performance effects, and cohesion. Future research should explore the effects of music for sport performance using an experimental design. Additionally, the following variables warrant further investigation: individual differences in music preference, the impact of seniority on playlist creation and cohesion, the quantitative assessment of the themes (motivation, mood, performance effects, cohesion), and how music can be detrimental to performance.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116657361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary School Students’ Opinions on the Selected Problems at PE Lessons","authors":"B. Antala, J. Šimonek, N. Czaková","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research paper deals with the opinions of students of secondary schools on physical education lessons at school. The aim was to find out various aspects of education such as popularity, demandingness, importance of the subject, feelings and emotions during PE lessons, and sport preferences of young people. The results have shown that the opinions of students on popularity, significance, talent, motivation and effort exerted during PE lessons were more positive than negative. Boys stated that they consider the subject not difficult, popular, and they show effort at lessons. Girls stated that the subject is not demanding, popular, but in a smaller degree than boys. Girls marked the subject as less importantn they show less talent for it and are less motivated for it than boys. As to boys, PE & Sport lessons evoke always or mostly emotions, while the answers of girls oscillated between mostly emotional, sometimes emotional or sometimes unemotional. Difference between the answers of boys and girls was statistically significant on the level of p<0,05. The answers of boys and girls to the question concerning cancellation of a PE lesson were oscillating between the values 2 and 3 (I am often happy; my opinion is indifferent), despite the fact that they stated in the questionnaire that they mostly feel well at PE lessons. The difference between both genders is statistically significant on the level of p<0,05. The answers of boys and girls to the question concerning satisfaction with the content of PE lessons oscillated between the values 2 and 3 (satisfied; partially satisfied, partially not satisfied). Generally we can state that the answers of students were more positive than negative. The difference between the answers of both genders is not statistically significant on the level of 0,05 (p=0,07). The answers to the question concerning the quality of PE lessons oscillated between the values 2-3 (mostly of good quality, changing quality). Boys presented a little more positive answers than girls, however, the difference between both genders is not statistically significant on the level of 0,05 (p=0,411).","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130003714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing a Managerial Skills Model for Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of Professional Sports Clubs in Isfahan Province","authors":"N. Benar, Rahim Ramezani Nejad, Mahboobeh Surani, Hamidreza Gohar Rostami, Nastaran Yeganehfar","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of this study is to examine and analyze skills of the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of professional sports clubs and to present and suggest an appropriate skills model for managers. The respondents of this study are all the managers in different managerial levels of Sepahan, Zob Ahan, Foolad e Mahan and Giti Pasand clubs in Isfahan Province. Validity of the questionnaire, which was made by the researchers and contained 19 questions with Likert 5sclaes, was approved by 15 professionals and professors in the field and using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient test, its stability was α = 0.97. Questionnaires were distributed among 83 managers of different units of the specific clubs and 76 questionnaires (91.5%) were returned as answered. Structural equation modeling and Amos16 Software were used for data analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the research showed all four Conceptual, Human, Technical and Political factors are significant skills for managers and suitability factors/indexes of the confirmatory factor model of the study had also proved these factors. The final design of this study demonstrates the existing high level of interaction among skills; as such managers need to be capable of all four skills and work toward improvement of the skills they are less capable of, because the high interaction of the skills with one another in this study’s model proves that weakness in one skill will cause less and lower capability level in other managerial skills.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134446186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training Methodology to Increase Strength Parameter Based on Improved Neuromuscular Control Case Study","authors":"M. Puiu","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The performance of the gymnasts on the rings has a specific character, determined by the alternation of elements in dynamic regime with elements in isometric regime and the endulum movement of the cables to which the two circles are attached (support points). The main parameters that define the specificity of the effort in performing the exercises on the rings are: muscular, ligament and tendon strength, the velocity at which the maximum muscular contraction is produced, muscular and joint resistance, intersegmental coordination, intermuscular coordination in the muscle chains involved and the ability of static and dynamic balance. The purpose of this study was to streamline the existing workout methodologies aimed at developing muscle strength in a short time and with low energy expenditure. To this end we proposed and tested in practice a workout programme with visual feedback in real time, whose main stimulus was aimed at consolidating the neuromotor abilities. The effects produced in the energy mobilization, found at the initial, final and post-experiment test, were significant in terms of immediate increase in the strength parameter and its stabilization in time. Although the research was conducted as a case study, this progress leads us to point out the existence of “reserves” important improvement of the energy component in the process control and monitoring of the neuromuscular contraction.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133813239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACE I/D Polymorphism Determination in Turkish Elite Wind-surfers","authors":"K. Ulucan, S. Göle","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Insertion/ deletion (I/D) genetic polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme I gene (ACE) represents the first and the most investigated genetic indicator of athletic performance in humans. In this report, we aimed to analyze the distribution of ACE I/D polymorphism in elite Turkish wind- surfers. DNA samples from the surfers were isolated from peripheral blood and standard PCR application was carried out in order to genotype the polymorphism. Of the 8 surfers (5 males and 3 females), 3 had I/I genotype (2 males and 1 female), 4 had I/D (2 males and females) and 1 was D/D (female). Direct allelic count revealed the I allele as 10 and D allele as 6 in our study cohort. According to our results, I allele was counted more than D allele, which is in agreement with the previous studies, indicating the importance of I allele in predisposition to endurance activities. We conclude that determining ACE I/D polymorphism will be a good biomarker in the terms of predisposition to certain kind of sports. However, these results must be extended with further studies in order to have more precise information about the effect of ACE I/D polymorphism on human performance.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124012705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromuscular Aspects of Anticipation in Preparing the Body for the Contact Structure in Motrice Performance","authors":"Cristina Botezatu, Carmen Andrei, P. D. Hillerin","doi":"10.2478/ssr-2014-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Anticipation is a crucial factor in acquiring motor skills. Generally, the anticipation involves the presence of a proactive control. The success of some actions in the sporting events depends on the player’s ability to quickly perceive the situations and to react immediately on them. In this context, anticipation refers to the response triggered by a stimulus before it appears. The difference between the anticipation and reaction rest in the fact that the reaction occurs after the stimulus appears, as for the anticipation, the neuromuscular mobilization occurs before the moment triggered by the appearance of the stimulus. Both concepts are interrelated. Therefore, an optimal anticipation will lead to an apparently very good reaction response, using different, by nature and location, mechanisms in the psycho-neuromotor chain. The goal of this research paper is to highlight certain objective elements in the dynamic training of the body forfuture contact and, after that to obtain an indicatory optimal anticipation, with the intention to use it in the primary selection phase in sports, demanding highly coordination skills.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116578250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximal Isometric Handgrip Strength (HGS) in Greek Elite Male Judo and Karate Athletes","authors":"G. Zaggelidis","doi":"10.1515/ssr-2016-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The specificity of the technical performance in judo and karate demands from athletes to perform fast and powerful actions at a high level, therefore, much importance is given to the development and supporting motor system, in particular, HGS function. Research aim was to determine the characteristic of maximal isometric HGS in Greek elite male judo and karate kumite athletes that may be important for competitive success in the aspect of age and BMI and identify any differences between these two compact sports. The studies were carried out in the competitive period of 2015 training cycles. The subjects were male judokas with mean weight 84.24 ± 12.38 kg and karateka’s 76.63 ± 10.46 kg. Average BMI (kg/m2) for judokas 25.67± 3.60 and karateka’s 23.03 ± 1.75. Research results showed that the HGS in dominant and nondominant hand in karateka’s was 68.28 ± 7.3 kg and 63.28 ± 7.5 kg and in judokas 73.72 ± 7.85 kg and 71.34 ± 8.10 kg. karateka’s had significant less stronger HGS compered to Judokas in dominant and nondominant hand, t32= -2.089 and p<0.05 and t32= -3.016 and p<0.05. Karateka’s had significant higher differences between the two hands 4.94 ± 2.15 kg compered to judokas 2.38 ± 1.84 kg, t32= 3.722 and p<0.05. The two groups had significant difference in BMI, t32= -2,771 and p<0.05. Pearson correlation showed a significant correlation between HGS and BMI, r=0.563 and p<0.05. In conclusion judo and karate have different requirements and training methods due to the objectives and generally the technical training nature with judokas appearing stronger in the HGS compere to karateka’s.","PeriodicalId":115198,"journal":{"name":"Sport Science Review","volume":"299 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115222821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}