Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences最新文献

DETERMINATION OF OVULATION TIME IN GAYO MARES BASED ON IMAGE OF PREOVULATORY FOLLICLE GROWTH 基于排卵前卵泡生长图像的公马排卵时间测定

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-25 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.26766

J. Melia, A. Amrozi, I. Supriatna, M. Agil

{"title":"DETERMINATION OF OVULATION TIME IN GAYO MARES BASED ON IMAGE OF PREOVULATORY FOLLICLE GROWTH","authors":"J. Melia, A. Amrozi, I. Supriatna, M. Agil","doi":"10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.26766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.26766","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to obtain the ultrasound image of preovulatory follicle growth in gayo mares to predict the ovulation time. This study used three Gayo mares and one gayo stallion for teaser aged 5-10 years and weighed 200-250 kg. Preovulatory follicle growth was observed using transrectal ultrasonography which was performed when the dominant follicle size was ≥ 3.5 cm. Observations were made for 3 consecutive estrous periods on gayo mares at relatively the same time. The absence of previous follicular appearance and the presence of hypoechoic area in the same ovary indicate that ovulation has occurred. The result revealed that the diameter of preovulatory follicle of gayo mares was 4.02±0.32 to 5.05±0.04 cm. There was no significant follicle growth in the last 48 hours before ovulation and the preovulatory follicle shape altered from spherical to pearshape. Many small follicles (2 cm in diameter) were observed in peripheral area of the ovary indicated the recruitment of follicles which form the first follicular wave. To conclude, the alteration in the size and pearshape of preovulatory follicle and the recruitment of small follicles can be used as a marker to determine the time of ovulation on gayo mares.","PeriodicalId":114727,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114674324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

THE EFFECT OF WHOLE SEED (Barringtonia racemosa) WATER EXTRACT ON ERYTHROCYTE, HEMOGLOBIN AND HEMATOCRITE COUNT OF WHITE RAT (Rattus norvegicus) EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE 总状叶刺槐全籽水提取物对暴露于香烟烟雾中的褐家鼠红细胞、血红蛋白和红细胞计数的影响

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-25 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.25424

D. Dasrul, Yayang Nuri Al Aliya, A. Sutriana, Nuzul Asmilia, Razali Daud

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF WHOLE SEED (Barringtonia racemosa) WATER EXTRACT ON ERYTHROCYTE, HEMOGLOBIN AND HEMATOCRITE COUNT OF WHITE RAT (Rattus norvegicus) EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE","authors":"D. Dasrul, Yayang Nuri Al Aliya, A. Sutriana, Nuzul Asmilia, Razali Daud","doi":"10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.25424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.25424","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the effect of Barringtonia racemosa seed extract on the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin levels, and the percentage of hematocrit in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke. A total of 25 white rats Wistar strain, aged 3-4 months, male, weighing 180-200 g, were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups, each group consisting of 5 rats. Positive control group (KP) without exposure to cigarette smoke and without administration of Barringtonia racemosa seed extract, negative control group (KN) exposed to cigarette smoke without administration of Barringtonia racemosa seed extract. Treatment groups P1, P2, P3 were exposed to cigarette smoke and given Barringtonia racemosa seeds with doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg BW/day, respectively. The extract was administered orally for 30 days. Blood collection in all groups was carried out via the orbital vein using a hematocrit pipette after the rats had been sedated with 0.2 mL of ketamine. Erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values were calculated using a hematology analyzer. Data were analyzed using one-way pattern analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that giving Barringtonia racemosa seeds at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/day had a significant effect (P0.05) in increasing the values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit of white rats exposed to cigarette smoke compared to the control group which was not given the extract. In conclusion, the administration of Barringtonia racemosa seed extract can increase the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin levels, and the percentage of hematocrit exposed to cigarette smoke.","PeriodicalId":114727,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114362637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

BOER BUCK SPERM QUALITY IN EXTENDER SUPPLEMETED WITH NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS AND STORAGE AT COLD TEMPERATURE 添加非酶促抗氧化剂和低温贮藏对波尔雄鹿精子质量的影响

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.26913

L. Zaenuri, R. Rodiah, A. Dradjat, Lu Hy, Eny Yuliani

{"title":"BOER BUCK SPERM QUALITY IN EXTENDER SUPPLEMETED WITH NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS AND STORAGE AT COLD TEMPERATURE","authors":"L. Zaenuri, R. Rodiah, A. Dradjat, Lu Hy, Eny Yuliani","doi":"10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.26913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.26913","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the durability of standard extender tris egg yolk supplemented with non-enzymatic antioxidants from guava and fig fruit filtrate on the motility and viability of Boer buck sperm. Semen was collected using an artificial vagina every four days for ten replications. The treatment extenders were Tris+2.5% egg yolk (P0) and P0+1.487 mg vitamin A and P0+3.958 mg vitamin C per ml/100 ml (v/v) hereinafter referred as P1 and P2, respectively. The experimental design was a completely randomized 3 times 10 a factorial pattern. The variables assessed were individual motility, progessive motility and viability of sperm evaluated every day for 4 consecutive days. Result indicated that, 4 days after extended and stored at 5°C, the average individual motility, progessive motility and sperm viability were 45.2±7.94; 33.0±10.2 and 49.6±7.69 for P1, and 45.4±6.14; 30.4±8.38 and 50.5±5.88 for P2. The data on the three indicators of sperm quality between P1 and P2 did not show a significant difference (P0.05). While for P0 30.6±5.85; 24.6±7.30 and 40.7±5.77, respectively, and were significantly lower (P 0.05) than P0 or P1. It was concluded that semen extended using tris-egg yolk extender supplemented with vitamin A or C could still be used for Artificial Insemination until day 4 after extended and storage at 5°C. It is suggested that research needs to be done to produce a ready to use, simple preaparation, cheap and long lasting instant extender.","PeriodicalId":114727,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130846001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

EVALUATION OF B1 GENE TO DETECT Toxoplasma gondii: COMPARISON OF THREE SETS NESTED PCR PRIMER B1基因检测刚地弓形虫的评价:三套巢式PCR引物的比较

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.22251

F. Ekawasti, Z. Azmi, D. Subekti, M. I. Desem, A. Nugraha, S. Sa’diah, U. Cahyaningsih

引用次数: 0

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF FEMALE BEEF CATTLE AGAINST PEATLAND MICROCLIMATE STRESS IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN 加里曼丹中部地区雌性肉牛对泥炭地小气候胁迫的生理响应

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.29115

Adrial Adrial, R. Priyanto, Salundik Salundik, Ahmad Yani, Luki Abdullah

{"title":"PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF FEMALE BEEF CATTLE AGAINST PEATLAND MICROCLIMATE STRESS IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN","authors":"Adrial Adrial, R. Priyanto, Salundik Salundik, Ahmad Yani, Luki Abdullah","doi":"10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.29115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.29115","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the physiological response of female beef cattle to peatland microclimate stress in Central Kalimantan. This study used direct observation on small holder beef cattle farm. Microclimate data on 41 units cattle barns and physiological parameters of female cattle were collected in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon. The physiological parameter measurements involved 215 female beef cattle, consisting of 119 Bali and 96 crossbred cattle with different physiological stages including pregnant cows, lactating cows, dry cows, heifers and calves. The microclimate condition within cattle barns on peatland of Central Kalimantan is not the comfort zone for beef cattle. It is characterized by high air temperature and relative humidity, and low wind speed, which result in high temperature humidity index (THI). The barn with gable roof type and asbestos materials gave the lowest THI. This Microclimate caused heat stress to beef cattle reared on the peatlands, indicated by the high rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and heat tolerance coefficient, although it was still categorized as mild to moderate stress. Bali cattle showed better physiological responses to microclimate stress than crossbred cattle. Pregnant crossbred cows were the most susceptible to peatland microclimate stress.","PeriodicalId":114727,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127153119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

THE EFFECT OF AGE ON WOUND HEALING AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL CATS (Felis catus) POST-OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY SURGERY 年龄对本地猫卵巢子宫切除术后伤口愈合和身体发育的影响

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.28242

Renji Mailisa Wahyuni, G. Gunanti, D. Noviana

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF AGE ON WOUND HEALING AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL CATS (Felis catus) POST-OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY SURGERY","authors":"Renji Mailisa Wahyuni, G. Gunanti, D. Noviana","doi":"10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.28242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i2.28242","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of age on wound healing and physical development of local cats (Felis catus) after ovariohysterectomy. A total of 15 female cats were divided into three age groups (2-4, 5-9, and 10 months old) with each group consisting of five cats. The treatment group was sterilized using the lateral flank ovariohysterectomy method. Observations of surgical procedures and physical conditions were carried out during anesthesia, including onset, duration of anesthesia and surgery, body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Post-operative observations were made to evaluate wound healing, hematological profile (RBC, Hb, PCV, WBC, PLT), body weight, Body Condition Score (BCS), bone density, and growth plate closure. The results showed that there was no significant difference (P0.05) during anesthesia, wound healing, or an increase in body weight, BCS, and bone density in all age groups. Ovariohysterectomy at 2-4 months old delayed the closure of the bone growth plates (P0.05). Ovariohysterectomy in pubertal and post-pubertal cats is safe to perform as long as good surgical preparation is provided.","PeriodicalId":114727,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126944473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

THE APPLICATION OF YEAST AND LACTIC ACID BACTERIA IMPROVE GROWTH AND INTESTINAL STRUCTURE OF TIGER SHRIMP LARVAE Penaeus monodon Fab. 酵母和乳酸菌对虎对虾幼虾生长和肠道结构有改善作用。

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.30379

Muhammad Abbas, Nadhira Alamanda, Ibnu Sahidir, A. Damora, Cut Nanda Devira, D. Putra

{"title":"THE APPLICATION OF YEAST AND LACTIC ACID BACTERIA IMPROVE GROWTH AND INTESTINAL STRUCTURE OF TIGER SHRIMP LARVAE Penaeus monodon Fab.","authors":"Muhammad Abbas, Nadhira Alamanda, Ibnu Sahidir, A. Damora, Cut Nanda Devira, D. Putra","doi":"10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.30379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.30379","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the effect of the different concentration of RABAL (yeast and lactic acid bacteria) probiotics on the survival, feed conversion, growth and intestinal cells changes of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fab. larvae. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Tiger shrimp with average size of 0.02 g was randomly stocked in each container containing RABAL with concentration of 0 ppm (A/control), 75 ppm (B), 150 ppm (C), and 225 ppm (D) with frequency once a day for 30 days. Data were analysed using one way ANOVA. The result showed that the application of RABAL with different doses into the shrimp culture media significantly influences (P0.05) the growth and food conversion ratio of tiger shrimp feed but did not significantly affect (P 0.05) on the survival rate. The value of water quality parameters in this study were still at normal levels for tiger shrimp rearing. As conclusion, the application of probiotics RABAL with different concentrations have positive effect on the absolute weight, absolute length, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and intestinal villi surface area of tiger shrimp larvae, without adverse effect on the survival rate of tiger shrimp seed.","PeriodicalId":114727,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127939349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HISTOMORPHOLOGY OF PANCREATIC TISSUE IN MEDAKA FISH (Oryzias javanicus): STUDY OF DIABETIC ANIMAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT 米达卡鱼胰腺组织形态学:糖尿病动物模型发育的研究

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.26884

Muhammad Ichlasul Akmal, Sri Rahmatul Laila, T. Wresdiyati

{"title":"HISTOMORPHOLOGY OF PANCREATIC TISSUE IN MEDAKA FISH (Oryzias javanicus): STUDY OF DIABETIC ANIMAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT","authors":"Muhammad Ichlasul Akmal, Sri Rahmatul Laila, T. Wresdiyati","doi":"10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.26884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.26884","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to explore the histomorphology of the pancreatic tissue of medaka fish to develop medaka fish as a diabetic animal model. Adult medaka fish were obtained with a body length of 2.53±0.22 cm and a weight of 265.8±25 g. Medaka fish were fixed using Boiun's fixative solution. Macro anatomical observations of the pancreas were conducted using a stereomicroscope. Histological preparations were made according to the Hematoxylin-eosin staining standard procedure. Pancreatic histomorphology of medaka fish was carried out using a light microscope with 100x and 400x magnification. The macro anatomy observations of the pancreas showed the interconnection with several tissues, such as spleen, gallbladder, liver, fat, and intestines. The pancreas was located toward the liver, oversees the intestines, and covered with fat. Pancreatic histomorphological observations showed exocrine cells composed of serous pyramidal acinar cells and endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans). Intralobular and intercalated ducts (ducts of Boll) were composed of simple cuboidal epithelium. This study concluded that the pancreas organ in medaka fish is a single organ, and histomorphologically has both of exocrine and endocrine cells.","PeriodicalId":114727,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132663590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

EVALUATION OF LAPAROTOMY SURGERY WOUND HEALING IN DOGS USING THERMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 应用热成像分析评价犬开腹手术伤口愈合

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.29785

A. Wijayanti, A. Purnomo, H. Wijayanto

引用次数: 0

VENTRAL MEDIAN AND LATERAL FLANK APPROACH FOR OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY IN CAT 猫腹正中外侧入路卵巢子宫切除术

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.29418

Bella Vera, R. Siswandi, R. H. Soehartono

{"title":"VENTRAL MEDIAN AND LATERAL FLANK APPROACH FOR OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY IN CAT","authors":"Bella Vera, R. Siswandi, R. H. Soehartono","doi":"10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.29418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v17i1.29418","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to compare Ventral Median Approach (OHM) and Lateral Flank Approach (OHF) for feline ovariohysterectomy (OH). Fifteen healthy local female cats (Felis catus) with body weights ranged 2-4 kg and aged 1-2 years were divided into two groups, OHM (n= 8) and OHF (n= 7). Prior to OH, the cats were anesthethized using ketamine-xylazine and the sugery was performed by the same operator. The wound scoring showed a significantly higher difference in the OHM group on day 3 and 4 post-surgery. Scores of erythematous, swelling and dehiscence showed no significant differences. The 4Avet pain scale was significantly higher in OHF at the 2, 6, and 12-hours post surgery. The pain response was evaluated using baseline tactile Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments and was significantly higher in OHF than OHM on day 1 to day 5 post surgery. Blood hematology, blood glucose and wound healing duration did not differ significantly between groups. The OHF approach showed greater post-operative pain than the OHM approach. Wound dehiscence was observed in two cats (25%) in OHM group from day 4 post-operative. The OHM approach showed a greater risk of complications than the OHF group and therefore requires better post-operative care. The OHF group showed a smaller risk of complications but requires better post-operative analgesic therapy.","PeriodicalId":114727,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115993074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0