Earth Sciences Research Journal最新文献

{"title":"Rigorous spherical bearing with Soldner coordinates and azimuth angles on sphere","authors":"S. Bektaş","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n3.100754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n3.100754","url":null,"abstract":"Meridian systems, called Soldner coordinates (parallel coordinate) systems, have found wide application in geodesy. In particular, the meridian system constitutes a suitable base for the Gauss-Kruger projection of the ellipsoid and the sphere. Soldner coordinates can be used in Cassini-Soldner projection without any processing. As it is known, the directions of the edges are shown with azimuth angles in the geographic coordinate system and the bearing angles in the Soldner coordinate system. Bearing or azimuth angles are frequently used in geodetic calculations. These angles give the direction of sides in the clockwise direction from a certain initial direction. Both angle values range from 0 to 360 degrees and are usually calculated from the arctan function. But the arctan function returns an angle value between -90 and +90 degrees. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the quarter for the angle found. For practical computations, the quadrants of the arctangents are determined by the signs of the numerator and denominator in the tangent formulas. Determining the quarter of the angles is done with if…, then…, end..., blocks on the computer. It should be noted that each comparison requires a separate processing time. This study will be given how to calculate both bearing and azimuth angles with direct formulas without any need to examine them. In addition, a solution proposal will be given against the division by zero errors in the bearing and azimuth angles calculations.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49343284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological education scenario in India and role of open educational resources in the light of COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"O. Verma, M. Prashanth, R. Greco, A. Khosla, Kulwant Singh","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n3.96209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n3.96209","url":null,"abstract":"Geological education plays a major role in the social, economic, and cultural growth and development of any country. India is a vast diversified country with wide-ranging geological features, consisting of rocks of all geological ages with well-developed physiographic divisions. The Indian lithospheric plate is a storehouse of vast georesources and also serves as a natural field laboratory for developing and testing numerous geological principles. The exploration of Indian georesources began in the past; with the organized exploration began way back in the 1830s. The number of institutions offering geological education is, however, comparatively low. Thus, Geology as a science discipline is less popular in comparison with other science subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, and Environmental science, based on enrolment data of the learners enrolled in academic sessions from 2011-2012 to 2018-2019 of the Master's degree programs. Analysis indicates that teaching-learning resources of foreign origin are dominantly being adopted as learning resources in the teaching-learning pedagogy of degree programs in Geology, and are over-riding those of Indian origin. The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting geological education in two ways namely, the disruption of conventional (face-to-face) teaching together with not allowing learners of Geology programs to complete their compulsory out-door geological fieldwork assignments. The analysis of data gathered by an online questionnaire survey shows that the use of indigenous open educational resources in Geology appears as a plausible solution to overcome the learning barriers created by the COVID-19 pandemic, and also to enrich teaching-learning resources of Indian origin. This article provides an up-to-date detailed account of the necessity and evolution of geological education, the current popularity of Geology as a science discipline, the nature of available geological teaching-learning resources, the impact of the COVID-19 on geological education, and the role of open educational resources in providing quality and equitable geological education, whilst removing educational barriers created by COVID-19 in India.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45623345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic properties of the permafrost layer using the HVSR method in Seymour-Marambio Island, Antarctica","authors":"Carlos Alberto Vargas Jimenez, Juan M. Solano, A. Gulisano, S. Santillana, E. A. Casallas","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n3.103981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n3.103981","url":null,"abstract":"Authors have calculated the H/V spectral ratios using seismic-noise recordings in the uppermost layers north of the Seymour-Marambio Island, Antarctic. Sixty-seven seismic site-response measurements near and far from the Argentinean Marambio Base runway suggest geotechnical works on the uppermost sedimentary layers due to maintenance, landing, and taxi of large loads and aircraft during decades could contribute to changes in their seismic dynamic response. Two horizontal images of Vp, Vs, and Vp/ Vs ratios at 1.0 m and 35.0 m depth show lateral variations in the permafrost properties. Authors interpret that permafrost is emplaced in rocks with different porosities and contrasting fluids saturation at those depths. In shallow strata, the saturation of gases affects mainly the elastic properties. In deeper strata, where the location of water reservoirs is detected, the primary mechanism of seismic dissipation is anelastic.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44554761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineral composition of Albazinskoe deposit ores as an indicator of its belonging to the gold-rare metallic ore-formational type","authors":"R. Kemkina, I. Kemkin","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n3.71479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n3.71479","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents new data on mineral composition and geochemical peculiarities of ores from the Albazinskoe gold-bearing deposit (Khabarovsk region, Far East of Russia). Excepting earlier known ore minerals represented by sulfides of iron, arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, authors have established about two tens of ore minerals, new for this deposit. Among them are sulfides of antimony, bismuth and molybdenum, native bismuth, copper, nickel, silver, tellurides of bismuth, cobalt sulphoarsenite, nickel sulphoantimonite, silver sulphobismuthites, lead-antimony-bismuth sulphosalts, oxides of tin, titanium, tungsten and some others. The revealed specificity of the ores' material composition indicates this deposit belongs to the gold-rare metallic ore-formational type. The sets of geological and structural data show that gold-bearing deposits of this ore-formational type are spatially and genetically associated with the granitoid magmatism, which is exhibited within transform continental margin and related to the geodynamic mode of sliding of the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45508462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis of the Neoproterozoic rocks of Megele area, Asosa, Western Ethiopia","authors":"T. Oljira, O. Okunlola, A. Olatunji, D. Ayalew, B. Bedada","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n2.98451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n2.98451","url":null,"abstract":"The Western Ethiopian Shield is underlain by volcano-sedimentary terranes, gneissic terranes, and ophiolitic rocks intruded by different granitoid bodies. The Megele area is part of Western Ethiopian Shield and consist of a low-grade volcano-sedimentary zone that has been intruded by mafic (dolerite dyke) and granitoid intrusions (granodiorite, diorite, granite gneiss). To establish the origin of the distinctive lithologies of the locality and evaluate its mineral potential, petrological, petrographical, and geochemical characterization of these rocks were carried out. Hence, the lithological, geochemical, and petrogenetic features of the Neoproterozoic granitoid intrusives and associated metavolcanic, were illustrated through a combination of field mapping, petrological, and geochemical analysis. The petrological result obtained from the thin section analysis of the granitoids and metabasalt from Megele area indicates that, these rocks has been metamorphosed from lower green-schist facies to lower amphibolite facies as denoted by mineral assemblages such as albite + muscovite + prehnite+ quartz and actinolite + hornblende + epidote + garnet. The major and trace element geochemical analysis of granodiorite, diorite, and granite gneiss revealed that the rocks in the studied area were mainly calc-alkaline and peraluminous in nature in the SiO2 versus Na2O+K2O and A/NK versus A/CNK, the details of the results on the major and rare elements are stated in the result section  respectively. The granitoids are S-type granites revealed silica saturated rock formed at the volcanic arc subduction (VAG) to syn-collisional (syn-COLD) tectonic setting by fractionation of LREE-enriched, HREE-depleted basaltic magma with considerable crustal input. This basaltic magma seems to be generated from the LREE-enriched, HREE-depleted mantle. In conclusion, the metabasalt is sub-alkaline (tholeiitic), metaluminous bodies generated at mid-oceanic ridge tectonic setting by partially melting of HREE-depleted and LREE-enriched basaltic magma. The magma sources are associated with the reworked sediment-laden crustal slabs from the subduction zone and resulted in S-type granitoid.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45317544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computation and Analysis of Geopotential Number in São Paulo, Brazil","authors":"Valéria Cristina Silva, D. Blitzkow, F. G. V. Almeida, A. Matos, G. Guimarães","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n2.100645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n2.100645","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In recent decades, important steps have been taken to implement the physical concepts of Geodesy in practice, con- cerning height systems. Despite the difficulties involving gravity field modeling, with the establishment of conventions, standards, and computation strategies, the realization of the International Height Reference System (IHRS) is well underway. For a global system, there are constraints for some countries, especially for those with sparse gravity data, mountain regions, and vast areas. In terms of methodology, the computation can be performed directly using the Global Geopotential Models (GGM), recovering existing geoid models, or determining pointwise the gravity potential using integral formulas. In general, the regional gravity modeling is given by numerical integration or least-squares collocation and more recently adopting the spherical radial basis functions. The first approach allows determining the earth’s gravity component at a specific point and adjusting the integral formula according to the gravity coverage. Since so far there is no common sense about the best methodology, computation strategies are been analyzed. In this con- text, the paper aims to contribute to IHRF, computing the geopotential number in the scope of IHRF, using numerical integration to solve the Geodetic Boundary Value Problem and an existing recent quasi-geoid model in four stations in São Paulo state, Brazil. The first approach was performed considering two cases: a radius of 210 km and 110 km of gravimetric data coverage and the Global Geopotential Model GOCO05S truncated at 100 and 200, respectively. The results between solutions have shown a maximum difference of 94 cm, and a minimum difference of 10 cm.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46308384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using satellite imagery to assess the changes in land use and land cover in Diyarbakır city (SE Turkey)","authors":"F. Dursun, K. Zorlu, M. Gül","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n2.92417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n2.92417","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aims to describe, classify, and analyze the most common anthropogenic factors that have altered the landscape. For this reason, the city of Diyarbakır, one of Mesopotamia’s largest and most urbanized cities, was chosen as an example of several anthropogenic factors. Several field surveys were conducted to determine the most common anthropogenic activities in the study area. They were then classified into four categories: marble quarries, aggregate quarries, water bodies, and built-up areas. A series of satellite images spanning 1975 to 2019 were analyzed by investigating time-based anthropogenic changes. The trends, distributions, and impacts of 177 locations were examined and monitored through remotely sensed images. Between 1975 and 2019, a total of 25224 ha of land were transformed, according to the findings. “Water bodies” were the most extended of the studied classes. The second most rapidly expanding class was “Built-up areas.” The “Built-up areas” class was assumed to be the most effective agent that will continue to modify the land of the study area, given the need for more construction spaces. Surface mining activities can also be assumed to be an efficient agent that will continue to modify the lands of Diyarbakır in the future, considering the export potential of marble products and the demand for construction material. Water resources and building materials supply should be examined in depth throughout future development planning of such urbanized cities to minimize anthropogenic degradation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46381550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network on the accuracy, precision, and Time to Fix Ambiguity (TTFA) performance","authors":"Ömer Gökdaş, M. Özlüdemir","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n2.89819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n2.89819","url":null,"abstract":"The geometric design of the Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network is one of the most critical factors that impact accuracy, precision, and Time to Fix Ambiguity (TTFA) performance. In this study, the authors investigate the subject of geometric design by using both local ISKI CORS and national CORS-Turkey (CORS-TR) networks, and they redesign the ISKI CORS network by increasing interstation distances. For three systems, real-time Virtual Reference Station (VRS) solutions have been obtained and tested with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). As a result, the 8-station ISKI CORS provides the most accurate results in the vertical component. In contrast, for TTFA performance, the CORS-TR network shows worse outcomes than the others. Due to the increase in the interstation distances, the increase in the base length caused worse results in FIX solution ratios for redesigned ISKI CORS. In summary, the authors have stated that the 8-station ISKI CORS network performs better, especially regarding vertical accuracy. Furthermore, the authors state that the TTFA performance and FIX solution ratios are high, and the ISKI CORS geometric design is optimal.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43135896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought Monitoring Using MOWCATL Data Mining Algorithm in Aras Basin, Turkey","authors":"E. Topçu","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n2.94786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n2.94786","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs frequently and has some adverse effects on the ecosystem and humanity. Determination of drought beforehand is vital for optimal management of water resources. Many different methods have been developed to detect drought. Sequential association analysis is used for the data series analysis containing time information and is one of the methods used to determine the drought. A correlation can be established between the values taken by the data at different times when determining association rules with this method. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the sequential association patterns between precipitation and climate oscillation index for Aras Basin. The Aras basin is a region where irrigation and animal husbandry are common. Today, many dams and hydroelectric power plants, together with the increasing population, meet the water and energy needs. A possible drought event in this region will adversely affect the living things in the basin. Therefore, the study focused on this basin. Finding sequential associations between precipitation and climate oscillation index can determine the temporal correlations between these parameters and specifically detect drought. The MOWCATL (Minimal Occurrences with Constraints and Time Lags) algorithm was used to detect sequential associations, and the J-measure was used to evaluate the patterns in the study. Sequential association patterns were determined by applying this method to the precipitation data obtained from 6 meteorology stations in the Aras basin. AO (Arctic Oscillation) Index, MEI (Multivariate ENSO) Index, NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) Index, Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) Index, PNA (Pacific/North American), and SOI (Southern Oscillation Index), followed by the 1, 3, 6 and 12-month Agricultural Standardized Precipitation Index (a-SPI) were used in sequential association. The study results revealed that the antecedent parameters were ineffective in detecting arid conditions in Ardahan and Doğubeyazıt stations, and they were influential on drought conditions, especially in a-SPI-3 and a-SPI-12 month periods at other stations. Although the altitude and geographical features are different, similar climatic patterns have been detected in some stations. As a result, it has been determined that climatic oscillations generally bring about typical situations in terms of drought for the Aras Basin.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46199223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenetic constraints of the La Quinta Formation igneous rocks, Serranía del Perijá, northern Colombian Andes","authors":"Néstor Cano, J. Molano, Janeth Sepúlveda","doi":"10.15446/esrj.v26n2.95993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n2.95993","url":null,"abstract":"La Quinta Formation is a Triassic-Jurassic volcano-sedimentary unit that crops out along both flanks of the Serranía de Perijá, in Cesar and La Guajira departments of Colombia, and Zulia state in Venezuela. It is mainly composed of red clastic sedimentary rocks (siltstones, sandstones, and minor conglomerates), interbedded with volcanic rocks and cut by small stocks. The volcanic horizons are mainly formed by rhyolitic tuffs and lava flows (basalts and andesites). \u0000  \u0000Andesites and basalts are constituted by plagioclase, clinopyroxene, biotite, magnetite, apatite, and zircon, whereas rhyolites and tuffs are formed by plagioclase, ß quartz, biotite, and sanidine. EMPA analyses revealed that plagioclase display varying compositions from labradorite-andesine in intermediate and basic rocks to oligoclase in rhyolites. Besides, clinopyroxene from basalts was classified as augite, and several hydrothermal mineral phases were also recognized, such as epidote, Ca-zeolites, and andradite-grossular. Using ILMAT (ilmenite-magnetite) geothermometer, temperature and oxygen fugacity conditions of 700-730°C and +1.2 ∆NNO were determined for dolerite. \u0000  \u0000Whole-rock geochemistry results evidence that La Quinta Formation volcanic rocks belong to the sub-alkaline (calc-alkaline) series, displaying compositions from basaltic andesites to rhyolites. Chondrite normalized REE and incompatible elements spidergrams show typical features of subduction-related magmatism and depict three groups of rocks (basic, intermediate, and acid) with contrasting geochemical behaviors. Hence, each group could have formed during single magmatic events associated with different magmatic suites. Nevertheless, the three groups have features that suggest a genesis related to an Andean-type supra-subduction zone, which agrees with the regional tectonic assemblage during Triassic-Jurassic times.","PeriodicalId":11456,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48214389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}