{"title":"On the Mechanism of the Caro Synthesis of Methylene Blue","authors":"F. Sánchez-Viesca, Reina Gómez","doi":"10.34198/ejcs.6221.209214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/ejcs.6221.209214","url":null,"abstract":"The recent interest for new applications of methylene blue as a promising drug for several important ailments prompted us to fill unknown aspects related to this compound. Since there is no mechanism on the Caro synthesis of methylene blue, we provide the electron flow, step by step, from the starting N,N-dimethylphenylenediamine to the dibenzothiazine derivative. It is a free radical generation system due to the oxidizing properties of ferric chloride. We pointed out the alternative reactions that take place with hydrogen sulphide, the reducer from which the thiazine ring is formed.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85493754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peroxide Based Organic Explosives","authors":"L. Türker","doi":"10.34198/ejcs.6221.165208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/ejcs.6221.165208","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years progressively increasing terrorist activities, which use homemade explosives; such as acetone peroxide and other cyclic organic peroxides have led to worldwide awareness by security and defense agencies. Then the development of methodologies for the detection of cyclic organic peroxides have become an urgent need. Until quite recently, most of the current technology in use for trace detection of explosives had been unable to detect these energetic compounds. Differences in physical properties between cyclic organic peroxides is the main barrier for the development of a general method for analysis and detection of the peroxide explosives. In this short review, the most relevant contributions related to preparation, characterization and detection of the most important cyclic organic peroxides have been presented. It also includes few recent investigations about the toxicity and metabolism of some peroxide explosives.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83148995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geometrical Interpretation of Isomers","authors":"L. Türker","doi":"10.34198/ejcs.6221.155163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/ejcs.6221.155163","url":null,"abstract":"The present article considers isomerism, which is one of the most important topics of chemistry. A model is proposed in 2D and 3D-Euclidean geometry starting from the very fundamental concepts and has established certain geometrical relationships between the mass of a molecule and its bonds and atoms. Some crucial angles are defined. Certain mathematical analysis have been presented as well.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88170190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Some Diazodinitrophenol Isomers - A DFT Treatment","authors":"L. Türker","doi":"10.34198/ejcs.6221.137154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/ejcs.6221.137154","url":null,"abstract":"The present study considers a series of diazodinitrophenol isomers within the constraints of density functional theory at the level of B3LYP/311++G(d,p). One of the isomers in the series is known as DDNP which is a primary explosive material. Presently various dinitro substituted benzoxadiazol (bicyclic) and 2-diazo-1-oxide (azide) isomers analogous to DDNP have been focus of investigation. In all the cases the azide isomers have been found to be more stable electronically than the bicyclic counterparts. Various properties of them including quantum chemical ones are harvested, compared and discussed. Also NICS(0) values are obtained for the ring(s) and the local aromaticity values are discussed.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74862138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Selenium on TNAZ Molecule - A DFT Treatment","authors":"L. Türker","doi":"10.34198/EJCS.6121.119135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/EJCS.6121.119135","url":null,"abstract":"The present treatment deals with an unusual composite of TNAZ that is TNAZ+ nSe(n:1,2) within the constraints of density functional theory at the level of UB3LYP/6-31++G(d,p). TNAZ is an insensitive high explosive material. Since, selenium atom in its ground state has two unpaired electrons, the composites are considered in their singlet, triplet and quintet states. Selenium and TNAZ interact at different extents and the systems are electronically stable but TNAZ+2Se (singlet) structurally decomposes by the elongation of one of the geminally substituted nitro groups. Modeling studies indicate that the N-O bond elongation in the composite mentioned occurs only if azetidine ring is present with or without the nitramine bond. For the composites various structural, electronic and quantum chemical data have been harvested and discussed.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84234692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Faye, Papa Aly Gaye, M. Sow, M. Dieng, F. Tamboura, N. Gruber, M. Gaye
{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Single Crystal X–ray Crystallography of Nd(III) and Pr(III) Complexes with the Tridentate Schiff Base Ligand N'–(1–(pyridin–2–yl)ethylidene)nicotinohydrazide","authors":"M. Faye, Papa Aly Gaye, M. Sow, M. Dieng, F. Tamboura, N. Gruber, M. Gaye","doi":"10.34198/EJCS.6121.99117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/EJCS.6121.99117","url":null,"abstract":"The use of N'–(1–(pyridin–2–yl)ethylidene)nicotinohydrazide (HL) in lanthanide(III) chemistry has yielded one mononuclear and one dinuclear complexes. The 1:1 Nd(NO3)3.6H2O or Pr(CH3COO)3.6H2O/HL in methanol afforded the complexes [Nd (HL)2(NO3)2(H2O)2].(NO3) (1) and {[Pr(L)(h2–OOCCH3)(H2O)](h1:h2:m–OOCCH3)2[Pr (L)(h2–OOCCH3)(H2O)]} (2). The structures of the complexes were solved by single crystal X–ray crystallography. In the mononuclear complex, the Nd3+ atom is coordinated by two neutral molecules of ligand acting in tridentate fashion, two nitrate anions acting in bidentate manner and two coordinated water molecules yielding a twelve–coordinated Nd atom. In the complex (2) the Pr3+ atoms are doubly bridged by two acetates anions and each metal ion is coordinated by one tridentate monodeprotonated molecule ligand, one bidentate acetate group and one coordinated water molecule. Each Pr3+ atom is nine–coordinated with an environment best described as a tricapped prismatic geometry. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with the following parameters: a = 22.7657(8) Å, b = 8.4276(3) Å, c = 18.0831(7) Å, b = 114.851(2)°, V = 3148.2(2) Å3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.032, wR2 = 0.098. Complex 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with the following parameters: a = 11.5388(6) Å, b = 14.1087(8) Å, c = 12.2833(6) Å, b = 102.211(2)°, V = 1954.45(18) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 0.029, wR2 = 0.066. The supramolecular structures are consolidated by multiple hydrogen bonds.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87762024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Farhan, Abdul Majeed, Nuha A. Imran, W. Al-Zuhairi, Leqaa A. Mohammed
{"title":"A Review of Overcome the Side Effect of Digestion Process on the Drugs","authors":"M. Farhan, Abdul Majeed, Nuha A. Imran, W. Al-Zuhairi, Leqaa A. Mohammed","doi":"10.34198/EJCS.5221.363375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/EJCS.5221.363375","url":null,"abstract":"This review involves the effect of digestion methods on the drugs and how to overcome the harms of digestion process by designing the suitable a polymeric drug system that has ability to hold out the harsh conditions of the acid in stomach. And it involves different type of backbone polymer to prepare new drug polymers form, this new polymer drugs included many benefits such as release the minimum amount of drug over an prolonged time by organized delivery of drug and the side effect of drugs will reduced. This process includes the modification of natural polymer such as chitosan, starch, cellulose, gelatin by carried out with a spacer, and grafted the new copolymer with amino drug such as amoxicillin (HA), and characterize it by UV Spectroscopes, (DSC) and (TGA) and physical properties was discussed. And know the ability of drug release in different pH. In this review we concluded that the best way to overcome the side effect of digestion process on the drugs by using the medicine as polymer drugs, and the best polymer used was natural polymers, the prepared polymer drug have thermal stability more than the drug alone, this indicate extra expire date with more safety of drug satiability.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90505462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Electric Field on ANTA","authors":"L. Türker","doi":"10.34198/EJCS.5221.329345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/EJCS.5221.329345","url":null,"abstract":"The present study considers an insensitive explosive, ANTA, (5(3)-amino-3(5)-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole) which is optimized within the restrictions of DFT (B3LYP/cc-PVTZ and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)). The optimized structure is subsequently subjected to single-point semi empirical MNDO and/or PM3 level of calculations to visualize the effect of electric field which has been set to magnitudes of 0.001 and 0.01 au. Perturbations on the energy and dipole moment are investigated. Also, the directional effect of the field along the axes of inertia of the molecule has been investigated. Generally, the effect of the field is more pronounced along the principle axis of ANTA.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80979504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Removal of Congo Red and Methyl Red using Low Density Polyethylene-Chitosan Nanoparticles Biocomposite in Single and Binary-component System","authors":"Oluwatosin Daramola, O. Adelaja","doi":"10.34198/EJCS.5221.307327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/EJCS.5221.307327","url":null,"abstract":"The low density polyethylene-chitosan nanoparticles (LDPE/CHNP) biocomposite was applied as a biosorbent for the adsorption of Congo red (CR) anionic dye and methyl red (MR) a cationic dye an in single and binary system. The effect of parameter pH, contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage and temperature were studied on the two dyes in single and the binary component system. Kinetic studies showed that adsorption on LDPE/CHNP in a single and binary-component system follows pseudo-second order kinetics. The values of CR in single and binary system were gotten to be 0.9996 and 0.9984 respectively, while the values of MR in single and binary system were 0.9994 and 0.9983 respectively. The adsorption equilibrium study was tested with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm and the result showed they agree more with Langmuir have an values for CR in single and binary system to be 0.9995 and 0.9991 respectively, while the values of MR in single and binary system were 0.9954 and 0.9983 respectively; which implies that the adsorptions were more of chemisorption than physiosorption reaction. In the single and binary systems, the result reveals that CR had higher adoption efficiency than MR which could be because the chelation between cations and chitosan chains, which decreased the electrostatic interaction between Methyl red and chitosan nanoparticles of the biocomposite. The LDPE/CHNP biocomposite has proved to be an efficient adsorbent for CR (anionic dye) and MR (cationic dye) in single and two-component system which are frequently encountered composition of industrial effluents.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76121084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of Ni(II) and Cd(II) Metal Complexes using Schiff Base Ligand derived from 2-Thiophenecarboxyldehyde and 2 Aminothiophenol","authors":"Umar Dalha, A. Ahmad, S. Yahaya, I. U. Kutama","doi":"10.34198/EJCS.5221.275294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34198/EJCS.5221.275294","url":null,"abstract":"Schiff base ligand derived from condensation of 2-aminothiophenol and 2‑thiophenecarboxyldehyde was synthesized and used for the preparation of Ni(II) and Cd(II) complexes. The synthesized ligand and complexes were analyzed by decomposition temperature, solubility, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance and infrared spectra. The decomposition temperatures of the complexes are 212 and 221°C. Molar conductance values are 16.12 and 12.60 ohm-1cm2mol-1 respectively. New bands appeared in the IR spectra of the complexes in the range of 519 - 475 cm-1 and 462 - 448 cm-1 which indicate υ (M - N) and υ (M - S) vibrations respectively. Magnetic susceptibility measurement indicated that Ni (II) complex is paramagnetic whileCd(II) complex is diamagnetic. The solubility test revealed that all complexes and ligand are soluble in DMSO. The analytical data show the formation of 2:1 metal to ligand ratio for all complexes and suggested the formula [ML2].nH2O. The ligand and metal chelates have been studied for microbial activity using well diffusion method against selected bacteria and fungi. The results signify that Ni(II) and Cd(II) metal complexes inhibit more compared with Schiff base ligand against the same test organisms.","PeriodicalId":11449,"journal":{"name":"Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82700330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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