Drug metabolism and personalized therapy最新文献

{"title":"Lack of exposure to pharmacogenomics education among the health care providing students in the West Bank of Palestine.","authors":"Yazun Jarrar,&nbsp;Rami Musleh,&nbsp;Anas Hamdan,&nbsp;Mustafa Ghanim,&nbsp;Malik Alqub,&nbsp;Sara Abudahab","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0180","DOIUrl":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Evaluating the knowledge in pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the first step toward the implementation of PGx testing in clinical practice. This survey aimed to evaluate the knowledge of PGx testing among healthcare providing students at the top-ranked university in the West Bank of Palestine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>First an online questionnaire consisting of 30 questions regarding the demographic, knowledge, and attitude toward pharmacogenomics testing was structured and validated. Then the questionnaire was distributed to 1,000 current students from different fields.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>696 responses was received. The results showed that almost half of the participants (n=355, 51.1%) have never took any courses about PGx during their university training. Only 81 (11.7%) of the students who took the PGx course stated that it helped them understanding how genetic variations affect drug response. The majority of the students were uncertain (n=352, 50.6%) or disagreed (n=143, 20.6%) that the lectures during university education described the effects of genetic variants on drug response. Although most of the students (70-80%) answered that genetic variants can indeed affect the drug's response, only 162 students (23.3%) responded that <i>VKORC1</i> and <i>CYP2C9</i> genotypes influence the response to warfarin. In addition, only 94 (13.5%) students were aware that many medicine labels include clinical information about PGx testing provided by the FDA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is concluded from the results of this survey that there is a lack of exposure to PGx education associated with poor knowledge of PGx testing among the healthcare providing students in the West Bank of Palestine. It is recommended to include and improve the lectures and courses regarding PGx as this will have a major impact on precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 3","pages":"267-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10626396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>CTH</i> G1208T and <i>MTHFR</i> A1298C polymorphisms are associated with a higher risk of a first myocardial infarction with fatal outcome among women.","authors":"Elisabet Söderström,&nbsp;Jonas Andersson,&nbsp;Stefan Söderberg,&nbsp;Bethany van Guelpen,&nbsp;Torbjörn K Nilsson,&nbsp;Johan Hultdin","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2022-0119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) in the transsulfuration pathway generates hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), suggested regulating cardiovascular function. The G1208T polymorphism in the <i>CTH</i> gene, rs1021737, has, in addition to <i>MTHFR</i>, been found to increase homocysteine, related to myocardial infarction (MI) risk. This study aimed, for the first time, to investigate the associations of the polymorphisms <i>CTH</i> G1208T, <i>MTHFR</i> C677T, and A1298C with the prospective risk of developing a fatal or non-fatal first MI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This case-referent study included 545 cases later developing a first-ever MI and 1,054 referents from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. Fatal MI was defined as death within 28 days after MI symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women, but not men, had a positive association between fatal MI and the <i>CTH</i> G1208T, odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 3.14 [1.16-8.54] for heterozygotes, and the dominant model 3.22 [1.22-8.51], and for the <i>MTHFR</i> A1298C heterozygotes 3.24 [1.26-8.34] and the dominant model 2.63 [1.06-6.50]. The <i>MTHFR</i> C677T polymorphism was not related to MI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicates that the minor alleles of <i>CTH</i> G1208T and <i>MTHFR</i> A1298C polymorphisms are associated with a higher risk for a fatal MI among women but not for non-fatal MI. No association was found in men.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"57-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9166916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of teriflunomide: do plasma concentrations predict response to leflunomide in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?","authors":"Tekaya Rawdha,&nbsp;Ben Tekaya Aicha,&nbsp;Ben Ammar Lobna,&nbsp;Salouaje Issam,&nbsp;Ben Sassi Mouna,&nbsp;Saidane Olfa,&nbsp;Bouden Selma,&nbsp;Ben Brahim Takoua,&nbsp;Ben Abdelghani Kawther,&nbsp;Metoui Leila,&nbsp;Sahli Hana,&nbsp;Mahmoud Ines,&nbsp;Abdelmoula Leila","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2021-0236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2021-0236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Leflunomide is a commonly used treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. It acts by inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase through its active metabolite teriflunomide. The objective of the study was to investigate the relation between plasma-concentration of teriflunomide and disease-activity in rheumatoid arthritis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected from patients with rheumatoid arthritis on a stable leflunomide dose for at least 2 months. Socio-demographic data, disease characteristics and DAS28 score were recorded. Blood samples were taken for determination of teriflunomide concentration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 32 serum concentration-time measurements were collected. The concentration of teriflunomide was positively correlated with disease duration of RA (r²=0.2264) and the number of swollen joints (r²=0.2413). There was a trend towards a positive correlation between Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and plasma teriflunomide concentration (r²=0.1699). Weight was negatively correlated with the residual plasma concentration of teriflunomide (r²=0.2483). However, there was no significant correlation between residual-plasma-concentration of teriflunomide and the following parameters: age, sex, number of tender painful joints, patient-global-assessment, C-reactive protein (CRP) and duration of prescription of leflunomide. We did not find association between disease-activity and residual-plasma-concentration of teriflunomide (r²=0.0021) and haven't been able to define the threshold value of residual-plasma-concentration of leflunomide predictive of a good-response.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We did not find a concentration-effect-relationship. However, therapeutic drug monitoring of teriflunomide may be useful to ensure adherence and evaluate toxic-levels in case of adverse-events.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"79-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9166895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and anticancer activities of various Unani drugs.","authors":"Mohd Nazir Mannan,&nbsp;Lahari Kuna,&nbsp;Alokananda Chakraborty,&nbsp;Mohammad Zakir,&nbsp;Syeda Hajra Fatima,&nbsp;Ahmed Minhajuddin,&nbsp;Munawwar Husain Kazmi,&nbsp;Tasleem Ahmad","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2022-0110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To analyze the phytochemicals, antioxidant, and anticancer activities on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line using aqueous, hydro-ethanol, and methanol extracts of different Unani drugs, e.g., Halela Siyah, Aftimoon, Bisfayej, Ustukhudoos, and Kutki.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The qualitative examination (alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins), anticancer activity, and an antioxidant assay of the three different extracts were done by MTT assay and DPPH assay, respectively, using different Unani drugs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The qualitative examination confirmed the substantive presence of phytochemical constituents in all the extracts of these drugs. The Methanolic extract of Halela Siyah had the highest DPPH scavenging activity (91%), while Bisfayej had the lowest (58%). Similarly, the hydro-ethanolic extract showed approximately identical activity for Halela Siyah (89%), Aftimoon (88%), Bisfayej (84%), Kutki (82%), and Ustukhudoos (81%). The aqueous extracts of Halela Siyah (88%) had the highest DPPH scavenging activity, whereas Bisfayej (73%) had the lowest. The methanolic extract of Aftimoon demonstrated the greatest anticancer activity (IC₅₀ - 108), while Aftimoon showed the least activity (IC₅₀ - 316). Halela Siyah (IC₅₀ - 175) and Aftimoon (IC₅₀ - 178) showed substantially the same activity in aqueous extracts. Ustukhudoos hydro-ethanol extracts had the highest (IC₅₀ - 130) activity, whereas Aftimoon had the lowest (IC₅₀ - 204).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, our findings evaluated the presence of phytochemicals, good antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity in different extracts of drugs used in this study. The study shows these drugs have potential anticancer activity against breast cancer in MCF-7 cell lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"107-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9177359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A metabolic blueprint of COVID-19 and long-term vaccine efficacy.","authors":"Engin Berber,&nbsp;Deepak Sumbria,&nbsp;Serkan Kokkaya","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2022-0148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viruses are obligatory protein-coated units and often utilize the metabolic functions of the cells they infect. Viruses hijack cellular metabolic functions and cause consequences that can range from minor to devastating, as we have all witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. For understanding the virus-driven pathogenesis and its implications on the host, the cellular metabolism needs to be elucidated. How SARS-CoV-2 triggers metabolic functions and rewires the metabolism remains unidentified but the implications of the metabolic patterns are under investigation by several researchers. In this review, we have described the SARS-CoV-2-mediated metabolic alterations from <i>in vitro</i> studies to metabolic changes reported in victims of COVID-19. We have also discussed potential therapeutic targets to diminish the viral infection and suppress the inflammatory response, with respect to evidenced studies based on COVID-19 research. Finally, we aimed to explain how we could extend vaccine-induced immunity in people by targeting the immunometabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"15-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9177360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"News in DMPT: Leaders in Pharmacogenetics Section.","authors":"Ingrid Fricke-Galindo,&nbsp;Adrián LLerena","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9178347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of pharmacogenomic evidence for drugs related to <i>ADME</i> genes in CPIC database.","authors":"Anthony Allen Reeves,&nbsp;Robert Hopefl,&nbsp;Subrata Deb","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2022-0123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) is a platform that advances the pharmacogenomics (PGx) practice by developing evidence-based guidelines. The purpose of this study was to analyze the CPIC database for ADME related genes and their corresponding drugs, and evidence level for drug-gene pairs; and to determine the presence of these drug-gene pairs in the highest mortality diseases in the United States.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CPIC database was evaluated for drug-gene pairs related to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. National Vital Statistics from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was used to identify the diseases with the highest mortality. CPIC levels are assigned to different drug-gene pairs based on varying levels of evidence as either A, B, C, or D. All drug-gene pairs assigned with A/B, B/C, or C/D mixed levels were excluded from this study. A stepwise exclusion process was followed to determine the prevalence of various ADME drug-gene pairs among phase I/II enzymes or transporters and stratify the drug-gene pairs relevant to different disease conditions most commonly responsible for death in the United States.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From a total of 442 drug-gene pairs in the CPIC database, after exclusion of 86 drug-gene pairs with levels A/B, B/C, or C/D, and 211 non-ADME related genes, 145 ADME related drug-gene pairs resulted. From the 145 ADME related drug-genes pairs, the following were the distribution of levels: Level A: 43 (30%), Level B: 22 (15%), Level C: 59 (41%), Level D: 21 (14%). The most prevalent ADME gene with CPIC level A classification was cytochrome P450 2C9 (<i>CYP2C9</i>) (26%) and overall, the most prevalent ADME gene in the CPIC database was <i>CYP2D6</i> (30%). The most prevalent diseases related to the CPIC evidence related drugs were cancer and depression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found that there is an abundance of ADME related genes in the CPIC database, including in the high mortality disease states of cancer and depression. There is a differential level of pharmacogenomic evidence in drug-gene pairs enlisted in CPIC where levels A and D having the greatest number of drug-gene pairs. <i>CYP2D6</i> was the most common ADME gene with CPIC evidence for drug-gene pairs. Pharmacogenomic applications of CPIC evidence can be leveraged to individualize patient therapy and lower adverse effect events.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9170426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of vibrational spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance methods for drugs pharmacokinetics research.","authors":"Vladimir V Rafalskiy,&nbsp;Andrey Yu Zyubin,&nbsp;Ekaterina M Moiseeva,&nbsp;Galina S Kupriyanova,&nbsp;Ivan G Mershiev,&nbsp;Nadezhda O Kryukova,&nbsp;Igor I Kon,&nbsp;Ilya G Samusev,&nbsp;Yana D Belousova,&nbsp;Svetlana A Doktorova","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2022-0109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The development of new methods for determining the concentration of drugs is an actual topic today. The article contains a detailed review on vibrational spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance methods using for pharmacokinetic research. This study is devoted to the possibility of using vibrational spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the concentration of drugs and the use of these groups of techniques for therapeutic drug monitoring.</p><p><strong>Content: </strong>The study was conducted by using scientific libraries (Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Medline, GoogleScholar, eLIBRARY, PubMed) and reference literature. A search was conducted for the period from 2011 to 2021 in Russian and English, by combinations of words: 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), vibrational spectroscopy, Surface-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy, drug concentration, therapeutic drug monitoring. These methods have a number of advantages and are devoid of some of the disadvantages of classical therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) methods - high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. This review considers the possibility of using the methods of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and ¹H NMR-spectroscopy to assess the concentration of drugs in various biological media (blood, urine), as well as to study intracellular metabolism and the metabolism of ophthalmic drugs. ¹Н NMR-spectroscopy can be chosen as a TDM method, since it allows analyzing the structure and identifying metabolites of various drugs. ¹Н NMR-based metabolomics can provide information on the side effects of drugs, predict response to treatment, and provide key information on the mechanisms of action of known and new drug compounds.</p><p><strong>Summary and outlook: </strong>SERS and ¹Н NMR-spectroscopy have great potential for further study and the possibility of introducing them into clinical practice, including for evaluating the efficacy and safety of drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9169735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concept of Unani Jali (detergents/cleansers) drugs and its scientific validation: scope for new opportunities in dermatological pharmacotherapeutics.","authors":"Shabnam Anjum Ara,&nbsp;Shaheen Akhlaq,&nbsp;Bilal Ahmad,&nbsp;Mohammad Fazil,&nbsp;Usama Akram,&nbsp;Merajul Haque,&nbsp;Ahmad Sayeed,&nbsp;Asim Ali Khan","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2022-0121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The use of detergent-action drugs in traditional Unani therapeutic intervention has been a long-standing Unani medicinal practice. The key aim of the article is to provide thorough information on the novel, unexplored idea of Unani Jali (detergent/cleansers) drugs for the treatment of skin ailments, as well as to identify medicinal plants that have detergent action and correlate these findings with scientific studies that may support evidence for the drug's detergent effect.</p><p><strong>Content: </strong>The ethnobotanical classical literature of Unani medicine was investigated in order to have a comprehensive insight of Unani detergents/cleansers. Scientific studies were carried from databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and google Scholar, among others. More than fifty exclusive plant, mineral, and animal-based detergents are found specifically for skin disorders in Unani therapy. These drugs basically evacuate impurities from the body's excretory system and and have been found to have keratolytic and debris-peeling effects, as well as the ability to maintain skin tone consistency. Unani Jali drugs have also been found to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, and tonic properties, suggesting its usefulness holistically.</p><p><strong>Summary and outlook: </strong>Based on phyto constituents, prospective therapeutic response, and scientific data, this review proposes that Unani Jali drugs could be a safe and promising therapeutic option for dermatological illnesses such as vitiligo, acne, dermatitis, psoriasis, and skin sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9537057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy and safety of dry cupping in cervical spondylosis with optimization of cup application time - a randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Ayesha Tehseen,&nbsp;Hamid Ali,&nbsp;Nazim Husain,&nbsp;Hina Kouser Varda","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2022-0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2022-0111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Dry cupping therapy (DCT) is considered beneficial in the amelioration of cervical spondylosis (CS) symptoms in Unani medicine. Therefore, the focus of this study was to ascertain the efficacy of DCT and optimal cup application time duration for CS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>It was a randomized clinical trial involving 45 participants with clinically diagnosed CS. The eligible subjects were randomly categorized into three groups, each having 15 participants. Each of the three groups, i.e., A, B, and C, received DCT daily for 15 days for 8 min, 10 min, and 12 min, respectively. All the participants were evaluated at the baseline, 7th, and 15th days of the trial using the neck disability index (NDI) as well as the visual analogue scale (VAS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The baseline mean ± SD of NDI and VAS scores were significantly reduced in all the three groups at the end of the trial. Although all three groups were statistically equal in terms of NDI, group-C demonstrated greater efficacy in terms of VAS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The per-protocol analysis showed that dry cupping effectively alleviated neck pain across all treatment groups. Although, this effect on neck disability index was statistically equal in all three groups, the 12-min protocol was more successful in reducing pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":11332,"journal":{"name":"Drug metabolism and personalized therapy","volume":"38 1","pages":"113-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9169702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}