{"title":"Implementation of a remote data logging system","authors":"T. Figlan, L. Setlhogo, P. Prinsloo, M. Dekenah","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827768","url":null,"abstract":"Eskom is in the process of collecting load profile and other data towards the NRS034 Domestic Load Research Project. Their remote data logging system annually accumulates more than 300 mill date/time stamped measurands of household load per year from 650 households around South Africa. This paper describes the latest developments of the underlying remote data logging system used for load profiling certain customers. Over a number of years the data logging system has increased in scale, sophistication, accuracy and reliability. The elements of such a system must work smoothly to ensure availability and reliability of load data. With a constant increase in data loggers and changes to their software applications and related hardware, it is apparent logging systems are becoming increasingly more complex.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122850905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimising of a domestic paraffin geyser for rural application","authors":"M. Mathews, E. Mathews","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827756","url":null,"abstract":"A water heating system based on paraffin was investigated. Such a system fulfils a need in rural areas where electrify is not available and solar geysers are not practical. The solution is particularly apt due to the abundant use of paraffin in rural communities. The system was modelled for the previous conference and it was apparent that the product required some optimisation in order to be practical. The product was then optimised in terms of increasing the heat transfer area available and an improvement of 87% in terms of performance was achieved with an 8% reduction in cost to manufacture. This provided a solution that proved more practical when heating water to a suitable showering temperature of 38°C. A flow rate of 4.71/min with warmer summer water inlet conditions was achieved and 3.21/min with colder winter water inlet conditions. The product offers a great deal of versatility due to the nature of inline heat exchangers. It is possible to adjust the outlet water temperature by adjusting only the water flow rate. Thus the product can provide water at any range of temperature from a warm temperature for showering to boiling water.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117045758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy access and household risk transitions in South Africa","authors":"D. Kimemia, H. Annegarn","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827757","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the commendable success in household electrification, energy poverty is still a challenge in South Africa [1], with many residents of low-income settlements unable either to afford or to access modern energy carriers. Energy related accidents such as shack fires and paraffin poisonings are a common phenomenon amongst poor communities, resulting in health and economic losses. This paper reports on two research projects that studied environmental risk transitions vis-à-vis energy poverty and the progress made in promoting modern energy access in South Africa. In the first project, the premise that energy poverty is a major determinant of energy incidents is tested with nationally representative household energy consumption surveys and hospital treatment data through quantitative analysis. The second project evaluated the impacts of an LPG intervention programme as a proxy for progress in modern energy access. Results indicate a positive non-linear relationship between poverty on one hand and the risk of injury from household energy use. The apparent household risk is generally much larger amongst nonelectrified households, especially those using a combination of paraffin and candles. Results show that access to LPG reduces energy expenditure and improves overall wellbeing of households. Policy interventions arising from these findings include a need for promotion of programmes that raise awareness of domestic energy safety issues within vulnerable communities, and national energy interventions to substitute paraffin with cleaner safer modern fuels.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125461180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Potentials of small hydro power in South Africa: The current status and investment opportunities","authors":"S. A. Ilupeju, F. Inambao","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827769","url":null,"abstract":"The economy of any country is highly dependent on the development of stable and adequate power generation. The need for power in Africa is increasing and the potential for power generation is substantial. Hydropower (HP), both large and small contributes about one-fifth of world electrical power. A survey output puts the number of small hydro power (SHP) potential sites in Kwa-Zulu Natal and Eastern Cape provinces at about 8 000. In South Africa HP generation is negligible as coal contributes about 90% of total energy generated while other sources contribute the remaining 10%. South Africa is ranked 12th in the world in terms of the top emitters of carbon dioxide, exposing dwellers to risks associated with this emission as a result of coal fired plants. It was predicted that the global demand for electrical energy will gradually rise and the growth for HP production is projected at 2.4%-3.6% from 1990 to 2020. SHP is considered to be one of the most cost effective and environmental friendly energy generation technologies available. With the availability, reliability and simplicity of SHP technology coupled with associated advantages, this paper is to set us on a new bearing toward its employment.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122572127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Smart meter for renewable energy microgrid island","authors":"G. De Smedt, M. Adonis","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827751","url":null,"abstract":"This study chronicles the design and construction of a cost-effective smart meter for a student project. A traditional power grid sends power to the user, with no feedback and minimal measurement. The power provider either needs to check all the meters physically, or take rough estimates of usage. This can be inaccurate as well as draining on human resources. A Smart Meter is a technologically advanced meter which records energy usage on site and feeds the information back to the users and energy suppliers. This creates a feedback system that has many benefits; it adds intelligence to the grid and aims to manage electricity demand in a sustainable and economic manner. In 2007, the Smart Grid became federal law in the United States with the passing of the `Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007'. This paper details a few benefits of a Smart Grid and government's involvement in some countries. It also looks at the Standards required for Smart Grids. The paper then focuses on the different sections of a student designed meter.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115975250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simulation of solar absorption cooling system for a residential building in South Africa","authors":"D. Luta, A. Raji, W. Fritz","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827775","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, solar energy applications have been extended to HVAC systems in general and cooling systems in particular. Compared to conventional cooling systems, solar powered cooling technologies have the advantage of reducing the use of electricity from the grid thus saving energy and reducing the system operating cost. In addition, unlike conventional cooling technologies which present some concerns by the use of CFC (ChloroFluoroCarbon) and HCFC (HydroChloroFluoroCarbon) as refrigerants, solar powered cooling technologies do not lead to environmental concerns due to their fewer greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we have performed a simulation of solar absorption cooling system using INSEL software. The aim is to examine the performance of this type of cooling system and see if it can be suitable for a residential building located in Cape Town in the Republic of South Africa.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126441414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A load profile prediction model for residential consumers in South Africa","authors":"S. Heunis, M. Dekenah","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827763","url":null,"abstract":"A revised model that estimates the load profiles for residential consumers in South Africa was developed and is described in this paper. Through the NRS 034 domestic load research programme a large number of load profiles of residential consumers from various Living Standards Measure (ie LSM) classes were collected. The load profiles are further described by a set of socio demographic indicators which is obtained through a front-door survey. A model that relates the hourly customer load profiles to household income, time electrified and region was developed and the output may be used in various planning activities, e.g. electrification design, network expansion planning, long term load forecasting etc. This analysis covers all data collected to end of 2011. A software implementation of the model is available which allows the user to obtain estimates of hourly profiles for different months given a set of input parameters.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122371022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Informal electricity re-selling — Entrepreneurship or exploitation?","authors":"Lana Franks, G. Prasad","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827750","url":null,"abstract":"People in informal settlements are among the poorest in South Africa. They live in overcrowded and badly constructed shack; many have no access to electricity, water or sanitation. The Integrated National Electrification Programme has connected some parts of informal settlements, but houses constructed on unproclaimed land did not - and will not under present regulations - receive an electricity connection from the municipality. They will remain in the dark. Enterprising shack dwellers with electricity connections use extension cords to supply current to nearby dwellings without access. Buyer and seller agree on a price, establishing a business of informal electricity re-selling. Households with meters connect up to three other households from three sockets of a “ready box.” Informal selling comes at a cost to both seller and buyer as the shared meter group can no longer benefit from subsidies such as Free Basic Electricity. This paper examines who benefits and who loses in the shared meter group and analyses the modalities and the cost of informal selling electricity to buyers and the benefit to sellers.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124979899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Aerts, S. Willems, D. Haeseldonckx, P. van Willigenburg, J. Woudstra, S. De Jonge
{"title":"Study and simulation of DC micro grid topologies in Caspoc","authors":"W. Aerts, S. Willems, D. Haeseldonckx, P. van Willigenburg, J. Woudstra, S. De Jonge","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827760","url":null,"abstract":"As the impact of our actions on the climate become more and more clear and environmental awareness is rising, the quest for increasing efficiency and lower environmental impact becomes very important. Efficiency is particularly important in the field of electricity consumption, which keeps on rising as electrification of our transportation, houses, offices and more continues worldwide. These loads and sustainable sources have one thing in common: Direct Current. To successfully respond to this growing usage of direct current (DC) systems it is important to provoke an evolution in the provision of DC infrastructure. The goal of this paper is to create a methodology to calculate and evaluate the power losses in both traditional AC grids and DC microgrids. This is done through simulation models made by Caspoc, a software for modeling and simulating physical systems in analog/power electronics, electric power generation/conversion/distribution and mechatronics. The results are compared on the quantifiable indicator: energy savings. The impact of cable losses and different converters is calculated through the simulation. This methodology and simulation strategy can be the basis for the optimal grid design in other infrastructures and cases. The model will be validated with intensive tests of household equipment in a later stage of the project, this paper focuses on the model and methodology itself.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127786387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yixiang Zhang, Crispin Pernberton-Piqott, Zongxi Zhang, H. Ding, Yuguang Zhou, R. Dong
{"title":"Key differences of performance test protocols for household biomass cookstoves","authors":"Yixiang Zhang, Crispin Pernberton-Piqott, Zongxi Zhang, H. Ding, Yuguang Zhou, R. Dong","doi":"10.1109/DUE.2014.6827753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827753","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, different ways of testing household biomass cooking stoves are compared and analyzed. The differences between test methods relate to the stove operation and data analysis methods, the fueling procedure, the end point selection, the choice of metrics and others factors. The influences of these differences were analyzed by using an induction heater. The results show the use of a pot lid or not, and the selection of the end point of the test have the greatest influence on the rated performance. Consequently test results provided by laboratories using different test methods will place the same stove-plus-fuel combination on significantly different performance `tiers'. Also the results show some metrics in popular tests should be reviewed. Some recommendations are provided for improving the accuracy and repeatability of test procedures and select metrics are defined for greater clarity.","PeriodicalId":112427,"journal":{"name":"Twenty-Second Domestic Use of Energy","volume":"45 Suppl 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114163681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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