{"title":"São Tomé and Príncipe","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/9b6a2f9d-en-fr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9b6a2f9d-en-fr","url":null,"abstract":"STP has faced severe macroeconomic imbalances. Growth stagnated amid successive shocks, most recently the impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and recurrent energy crisis. Inflation spiked to 25 percent as a monetary-financed fiscal deficit depleted foreign reserves. Measures to restore macroeconomic stability included ceasing monetary financing and adjusting fuel prices. Delayed implementation of structural reforms and an uncertain global environment poses risks to outlook. Key conditions and challenges","PeriodicalId":111395,"journal":{"name":"Africa Yearbook Volume 16","volume":" 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141221955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tanzania","authors":"H. Gray","doi":"10.30875/7d3d0adc-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30875/7d3d0adc-en","url":null,"abstract":"Tanzania has been a slow and cautious adopter of Basel standards, although a faster pace of adoption emerged after 2009. From 1991 to 2008 Tanzania liberalized its financial sector, but a gap emerged between the commitment to adopting Basel standards and the actual pattern of implementation and enforcement. It was only from 2009 onwards that Basel implementation was prioritized as Tanzania moved to regulator- and market-driven convergence. Regulator preferences reflected the appointment of a new governor at the Bank of Tanzania and the influence of regional commitments to regulatory harmonization. Over the same period, politicians’ commitment to deep liberalization faltered and demands for policy-based lending returned. This led to a selective implementation of Basel II and III and higher levels of enforcement. Domestic and foreign banks initially showed little interest in implementation but their preferences have shifted because of pressures from parent banks and anti-money laundering concerns. The central bank adopted a selective approach to Basel and introduced tailored regulation for development banks.","PeriodicalId":111395,"journal":{"name":"Africa Yearbook Volume 16","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129062117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Gambia, Bernard Mendy, M. Norat, Torsten Wezel, Dong Frank Wu
{"title":"The Gambia","authors":"The Gambia, Bernard Mendy, M. Norat, Torsten Wezel, Dong Frank Wu","doi":"10.30875/5c0eae57-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30875/5c0eae57-en","url":null,"abstract":"The government has highlighted infrastructure development as a key element of\u0000The Gambia’s National Development Plan, 2018–21. After a spurt in the early years of the\u0000millennium, public investment slowed down and since 2008 has averaged only about 6 percent\u0000of GDP, around two percentage points lower than the average of sub-Saharan African (SSA)\u0000countries. Public investment has been constrained by tight fiscal constraints and high debt levels.\u0000The need for increased public investment in the Gambia should be balanced against potential\u0000fiscal risks related to future Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and State-Owned Enterprise (SOE)\u0000investments. These risks should be carefully managed to mitigate any negative impact on the\u0000government’s fiscal and debt management strategy.","PeriodicalId":111395,"journal":{"name":"Africa Yearbook Volume 16","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128721227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Niger","authors":"Cathy Hartley","doi":"10.18356/16062570-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/16062570-en","url":null,"abstract":"Niger faces daunting development challenges, aggravated by terrorist incursions, low uranium export prices, and climate change. Nonetheless, GDP growth picked up to \u00006.5 percent last year- and should average above 7 percent over the next five years thanks to reforms, substantial donor support, several large-scale projects, and a one-time boost from the projected commencement of crude oil exports in 2022.","PeriodicalId":111395,"journal":{"name":"Africa Yearbook Volume 16","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128899496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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