Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management最新文献

{"title":"Sustainable Tourism Development in North India","authors":"Vivek","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH018","url":null,"abstract":"The endeavor of the chapter is to inspect the perception of residents, tourists, hoteliers, and travel agents in respect to sustainable development of tourism and to study the role of tourism stakeholders in promotion of sustainable tourism in North India and to suggest the measures for promotion of sustainable tourism in the study area. Based on a survey of initially, 71 items emerged, but after survey, only 43 items were found significant. Likert-type scale values assigned, 1 to “strongly agree,” 2 to “agree,” 3 to “neither agree nor disagree,” 4 to “disagree,” and 5 to “strongly disagree,” was provided to the subjects for them to use in indicating the importance of each of the 71 general sustainable tourism development statements. Of 2300, only 1380 (60%) respondents completed the questionnaires and were valid. The data are analyzed with the statistical package program for social sciences (SPSS 12 for Windows). The basic analysis and tests utilized in this study includes descriptive-statistics analysis, factor analysis, mean and bivariate statistical procedures, etc. The study provides a strong indication that there are significant differences among tourism stakeholders on sustainable tourism development parameters. This research highlights the changes that sustainable tourism development has brought to the community and presents the various perceptions of stakeholders in this particular setting. The research demonstrates that to plan for more sustainable forms of tourism development, the subjective perspectives and the roles of all stakeholders need to be understood and integrated into a responsive planning framework.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116127985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online Competition in the Distribution Chain","authors":"Patrícia Vieira, Emese Panyik","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"Until recently, travel agents have been the principal intermediary between travel suppliers and consumers, with information as their primary trade. However, changes to information and communication technology (ICT) and the beginning of the internet have the potential to allow travel suppliers and consumers to interact directly. Today, consumer websites that integrate global distribution systems (GDSs) are no longer only an emerging threat but show fierce global competition between travel agencies and tour operators worldwide. Subsequently, one of the most pertinent questions today is how local, small-scale travel agencies respond to these market changes and what practices do they use to maintain their comparative advantage and offer competitive services? However, despite the relevancy of this issue, literature is generally scarce on travel agency strategies to confront the competition of consumer websites. Thus, in order to address this question, this article provides an analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of new technologies are available to travel agencies and strategies and practices that travel agencies can use to compete with websites.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128967997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Competitiveness-Driven Factors and Travel and Tourism Policy","authors":"Anastasia A. Katou, E. Katsouli","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH002","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on the resource-based view, this study examines the impact of environmental-driven, infrastructure-driven and resources-driven factors on travel and tourism policy and enabling conditions. Using a multilevel sample of 136 economies categorized in 15 geographical areas, and conducting a multilevel path analyses, we find that ICT readiness and ground and port infrastructure are the most important factors that predict the travel & tourism policy and enabling conditions construct. Based on these findings, which underline the meaning of competitiveness, the study has several theoretical and practical implications.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125172082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online Travel Trade in India","authors":"S. Gupta, V. Bhatt, A. Vaishnava","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH008","url":null,"abstract":"India, as the second largest internet population after China with 330-370 million users which is expected to grow by at least 50 million yearly until 2020, is at the cusp of a digital revolution. Various reports show that India's revenue in the online travel booking segment amount to 569 million USD in 2018 and is expected to show an annual growth rate of 14.6% resulting in a market volume of 9,594 million USD in 2022. This article emphasizes the opportunities and challenges of online travel agencies (OTAs) particularly in India. For the success of e-tourism in India, it is essential to increase the operational efficiency of the staff and attitude/ behavior of the staff, delivery of services as committed, provision of customer data management and insurance coverage services. All of these are the keys for an excellent and prompt service delivery system and which effects the success of the online travel provider. A large youth population, changing lifestyle, plethora of travel deals and authenticated travel related information are some of the major opportunities and challenges for e-travel commerce in India. This article summarizes information on the challenges and opportunities of Indian online travel agencies, with a conviction that India will make a huge break through and be a success story particularly in online travel retail. This study will give insight to the industry players to understand the opportunities and challenges and develop strategies for retaining more satisfied users and increasing the number of repeat customers accordingly.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121682632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organizational Barriers to Knowledge-Sharing","authors":"Mahmoud Aboushouk, H. Hilaly, N. Attallah","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aimed at identifying and removing knowledge-sharing organizational barriers in the Egyptian tourism companies. The deductive approach and quantitative method were employed by this study. Moreover, a semi-structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 278 tourism companies is used for data collection purposes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used for data analysis. Findings revealed significant effect of organizational barriers on knowledge-sharing behavior in tourism companies' context. A set of recommendations to overcome the perceived barriers of knowledge-sharing in tourism companies was introduced.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121927348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharing Economy and Sustainability in Tourism","authors":"N. Borrelli, M. Bernardi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter focuses on the growing importance that the sustainability issue is gaining in tourism and on the increasing research of sustainable forms of tourism among travelers, looking to the relation with the emerging market of the sharing economy. Three streams of literature are merged: the contemporary tourists, the sustainable tourism and the sharing economy. This triangulation allows reflecting on the challenges that tours operators and in general the traditional tourism sector have to face in order to maintain their position on the market while accomplishing the sustainable goals. The analysis of three case studies, peer-to-peer platforms from South Korea, Italy, and the USA, favors the identification of some preliminary suggestions.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115206645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marketing Strategies of Travel Agencies and New Technologies Used for the Marketing Strategy","authors":"Çiğdem Unurlu","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH016","url":null,"abstract":"In the 21st century, increasing technological opportunities and globalization has affected tourism mobility significantly. The purpose of this study is to point out the increasing importance of travel agencies and tour operators that have important functions in the distribution of touristic products and to evaluate the marketing strategies used by travel agencies in the world today where human mobility has gained momentum. In this respect, secondary data have been used, and a critical literature review has been conducted. The marketing strategies used by travel agencies and the technologies related to these strategies have been reviewed. From this point, among the marketing strategies used by travel agencies, market segmentation strategies, growth strategies, competitive strategies, market share strategies, and product life cycle strategies have been addressed. Then, new technologies such as central reservation systems, the WAP technology, and digital broadcasting, which are used in the marketing strategies of agencies, have been evaluated. Finally, the sales techniques that agencies use in their marketing strategies have been reviewed.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123781785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building Foundations for Understanding the International Travel Agency and Tour Operation","authors":"M. C. Dhiman, R. Kumar","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH001","url":null,"abstract":"International tourism is a global phenomenon that has experienced rapid growth during the last two decades, particularly in the developed countries of the world. Travel agencies and tour operation have become a pivotal aspect of the tourism industry. To help explain how, where, and why travel agency and tour operation have developed through the ages, its importance and significance in modern society, this chapter defines and builds an understanding. Thus, this chapter helps us understand the scale and extent of the growth in travel agencies and the tour operation business globally. Moreover, the chapter explores the historical perspectives, operational practices, and emerging typology of the travel agency.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130074438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Content Analysis of Online Visual Merchandising for Indian Online Travel Agents","authors":"Farah S. Choudhary, Alka Sharma","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH014","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this chapter is to investigate the effect of online visual merchandising elements and identify the relative importance of the various visual merchandising cues to consumers' visits and booking through online travel agencies. In order to examine the relative importance of the visual merchandising of Indian travel agents, two most popular online travel agents, namely Makemytrip and Yatra, were selected. The data for the content analysis was collected from 100 respondents of each website who have visited each online travel agent namely Makemytrip and Yatra at least once. The respondents were asked to browse and explore the visual merchandising cues of the website and fill in the data at the same time. A detailed content analysis was done for both the online travel agents. For comparing the web portals chi-square has been used. The comparison analysis was performed on basis of various elements in the websites, namely website logo color, website main color, number of filters, bulletin board, comparison tool bar, interaction tool, search bar tools, detail information, custom made service, refund policy indication, number of travel service, ease of payment, image position, etc. A coding sheet was developed and designed to explain the various elements of online visual merchandising for these travel agent's portal in order to perform the content analysis. Findings showed the importance of online visual merchandising cues towards online travel agency websites. It also gave implications for online travel agents on how they can use online visual merchandising to attract and appeal consumers and travelers visiting their web portal. The study also reviews an extensive literature on online visual merchandising and presents a detail understanding of online visual merchandising and its elements and how online visual merchandising can be used differently and attractively in different web portals. The result of a chi-square test shows that there is a significant difference in all the factors of online visual merchandising cues. The chapter also gives implications for online travel agents as to how online visual merchandising can be used especially in online travel portals to attract travelers. The findings of the study provide valuable information for online travel agents for developing successful online portals using various web cues that may attract and draw interest of both the online browsers as well as the customers of web travel agents.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"27 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113941320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights Into South Africa's Travel Agency Sector With Respect to Service Quality","authors":"V. Naidoo","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.CH007","url":null,"abstract":"Travel agencies remain important points of call for tourists wishing to travel locally or abroad. In South Africa, the Association of South African Travel Agencies (ASATA) drives the travel agency sector. The primary aim of ASATA is to maintain and further improve a sustainable and profitable sector of its members by ensuring the delivery of a professional service to the travelling consumer. This service is achievable by the travel agency or tour operators through a strong relationship and open dialogue being present with all stakeholders in the travel and tourism value chain. Since tour agencies operate in dynamic, continuously changing environments, the concept of service quality is an important strategic tool that can be used by a tour agency to retain its clients and attract new clients. Word of mouth is an excellent tool that can create brand awareness and build customer loyalty towards a tour agency. Travel agencies that provide superior quality service in those service offerings to their clients can be leaders in the travel agency sector. This chapter employs the qualitative research approach and looks at unpacking literature on the travel agency sector. Service quality in the sector in South Africa is another key theme explored.","PeriodicalId":111346,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123111794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}