{"title":"Between Human and Animal:","authors":"Stefanie Hunt-Kennedy","doi":"10.5406/j.ctvz0hcpp.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctvz0hcpp.6","url":null,"abstract":"Through a close examination of British Caribbean slave laws, this chapter argues that British Caribbean slave law always recognized the humanity of the slave, and the law’s power derived from its ability to see Africans’ humanity and effectively disable it. Slave law suspended Africans and their descendants between the human and the animal through disability-inducing laws. The principle of maternal inheritance was a legal notion that positioned enslaved women as legally equivalent to animals. The slave codes of Barbados and Jamaica disabled enslaved Africans by limiting their mobility, freedom, and autonomy, and by divesting them of political status. The codes encouraged the physical impairment and disfigurement of captives by sanctioning punishments that disabled and disfigured as well as by establishing a culture in which whites could punish captives with impunity in whatever way they desired.","PeriodicalId":109844,"journal":{"name":"Between Fitness and Death","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130392835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bondsman or Rebel","authors":"Stefanie Hunt-Kennedy","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043192.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043192.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the relationships between disability, amelioration, and abolition from the 1770s to the slave trade’s legal end in 1807. It reveals that both opponents and supporters of slavery utilized notions of disability and invoked concepts of monstrosity in their respective campaigns. Revolutionary emancipation, from Tacky’s War in Jamaica (1760) to the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), gave rise to the gendered image of the armed, able-bodied, dangerous, and revolutionary black man, an image that circulated throughout the Atlantic world and haunted both pro- and anti-slavery discourse. Antislavery campaigners countered with the figure of the broken and beaten bondsperson as a way of envisioning a subject who in her or his freedom presented no physical threat to white society.","PeriodicalId":109844,"journal":{"name":"Between Fitness and Death","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124701957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unfree Labor and Industrial Capital","authors":"Stefanie Hunt-Kennedy","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043192.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043192.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores three sites of slavery-induced disability—the Middle Passage, the slave market, and the plantation—to demonstrate that enslaved people lived in the space between fitness and death, a space of physical debilitation resulting not only from natural processes but from enslavement itself. This chapter argues that plantation slavery was a necessary precondition for both industrialization and the emergence of “modern” concepts and displays of disability. The division of labor by skill, age, gender, and physical condition that characterized Caribbean plantations, together with the emphasis on discipline, organization, and timekeeping, made sugar production a precociously industrial and modern undertaking.","PeriodicalId":109844,"journal":{"name":"Between Fitness and Death","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128764653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imagining Africa, Inheriting Monstrosity","authors":"Stefanie Hunt-Kennedy","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043192.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043192.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the intellectual, legal, and anthropological processes by which the English transformed the concept of blackness into a collective, inheritable, and racial monstrosity, a category of being that made Africans, and in particular African women, supposedly “fit” for servitude. The English notion that Africans were monstrous and deformed beings suspended Africans in the space between the human and the animal, enabling colonists to exploit Africans’ humanity by enforcing forms of disablement onto the enslaved. The place of monstrosity in the emergence of slavery and antiblack racism is key to understanding the historically entwined construction of racism and ableism in the Atlantic World.","PeriodicalId":109844,"journal":{"name":"Between Fitness and Death","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134052030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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