Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of the heat pumps applicability in the district heating system","authors":"Miroslav Kljajić","doi":"10.24094/kghk.023.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.023.111","url":null,"abstract":"The main intention of the work is to check and analyze the applicability of heat pumps in the district heating system, in accordance with the criteria defined by the Integrated national energy and climate plan. It is basically an integrated solution that has various implications for the energy system, which are of a technical, economic and envi-ronmental nature. Modern district heating system can integrate low-emission or climate neutral energy sources and technologies, especially in urban settings where neighborhood solutions can work well. The advantages and disad-vantages of investing in such systems need to be carefully assessed in each case and in relation with other, potentially more cost-effective and sustainable local solutions. Presented strategy highlights the twin benefits, environmental risks mitigation and security of supply improvement, combining energy efficient technology and conservation measures with switching to waste energy use in district heating system. The proposed development strategy of the utility company includes the development of new heat sources, the revitalization of existing systems, and consume expansion. Development of new heat sources involves building of a new heat pump capacity in parallel with the introduction of locally available heat sources and increase the availabil-ity of the heat supply service to a larger number of consumers. Existing district heating system lacks capacity (in near future), and instead of building new boilers, a heat pump can be a suitable alternative. Heat production by the heat pumps can sustainably utilize the heat energy of purified water from the Waste water treatment plant, and thus substi-tutes the combustion of natural gas in the heating plants’ boilers. Aim of proposal idea is utilization of waste low-temperature heat out of wastewater by a heat pump and feed in the district heating network. Wastewater from the city is collected in a sewer system and treated in a wastewater treatment plant in the northern part of the city. An integral part of the concept is the construction of the missing hot water routes and interconnections (4 km of district heating pipeline is required), as well as the modernization of the heating substations. To utilization of waste heat out of wastewater by a heat pump, the 3 separated networks could be connected to gain a continuous and integrated operation. This is necessary to fully utilize the potential of the heat pumps’ production. This paper was prepared in the framework of „The Renewable District Energy in the Western Balkans Pro-gramme (the ReDEWeB Programme)” as support to integrated urban and sustainable energy systems, which is fi-nanced by the Austrian government and supported by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The concept is the result of good cooperation between programme participants and the Public utility compa-ny “Drugi oktobar”, Vršac.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"233 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140748578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refining energy efficiency and flexibility strategies using the smart readiness indicator. A comparative case study in Slovenia and Croatia","authors":"B. Sučić, Ružica Jurjević, Marko Bišćan, G. Stegnar","doi":"10.24094/kghk.023.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.023.039","url":null,"abstract":"Energy and resource efficiency in combination with renewable energy sources constitute the backbone of fu-ture sustainable development in any sector. In this context, the reduction of energy consumption in buildings com-bined with the wide integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in urban areas are vital elements for the long-term transition towards a carbon-neutral society. The EU has identified buildings as the most promising target for improv-ing energy efficiency and has quantified a significant energy-saving potential associated with infrastructure and equipment investments. The calculation of the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) involves data collection from various aspects of a building's design, operation, and usage. During the data collection process, the SRI auditor had to ex-tract useful data from drawings, daily log sheets, predefined readings from various Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems (SCADA), and from the interview with the energy and/or facility managers, building occupants, and owners. Proper interpretation of SRI scores is crucial for the identification of the energy efficiency and flexibility potentials. This paper presents a comparative case study on the application of SRI in Slovenia and Croatia, focusing on the extraction of energy efficiency and flexibility measures. Additionally, this paper provides general elements of the code of conduct for the smart readiness rating. These elements of the code of conduct for smart readiness rating should be considered as a quality indicator for clients (building owners, facility managers, building users, etc.) on what they should expect and require from SRI auditors in order to achieve expected benefits. Additionally, the strengths and weaknesses of SRI auditing and its role in the decision-making process, specifically in the selection of the optimal energy-renovation scenario, were critically reviewed.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140751175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of industrial air cleaners in production halls","authors":"Nebojša Vasilev, Dragoslav Soldo, Anton Kerčov, Tamara Bajc","doi":"10.24094/kghk.023.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.023.031","url":null,"abstract":"Air cleaners are devices that an increasing number of people use to improve Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in their homes and workplaces, especially in areas where the outdoor air is often excessively polluted. However, such devices, from small to large air flow capacities, are also widely used in the industries of developed countries to control and reduce the impact of the pollutants’ emission. This study deals with the analysis of experimental data regarding IAQ in a production hall with CNC machines in conditions of high concentration of emulsion vapors, focusing on the application of mobile industrial air cleaners, as independent and supplementary components of HVAC systems. Exper-imental data is obtained through measurements, conducted by two different methods using two different measuring instruments. Analyzed results show that the application of mobile industrial air cleaners can lead to significant in-crease of the number of production hall working hours, during which, according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), indoor air quality, according to PM2.5 (µg/m3), coincides with the “Moderate” air quality category, while it may also lead to occurrence of working hours during which indoor air quality, according to PM2.5 (µg/m3), coincides with the “Good” indoor air quality category. Furthermore, the application of mobile industrial air cleaners leads to the decrease of the indoor air concentration of particulate matter of all sizes in the range of PM0.3 to PM10. However, analysis also shows that the devices’ effectiveness in the PM concentration reduction is heavily dependent on the mobile air cleaners mutual position, as well as the time that has passed since their actuation.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"96 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140754607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of the energy performance of potential HVAC systems and implementation of renewable energy sources to achieve nZEB on the example of an office building in Nis","authors":"Vladan Jovanović, Marko Ignjatović","doi":"10.24094/kghk.023.061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.023.061","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key approaches to achieving an optimal balance between energy consumption and overall comfort in existing buildings lies in the use of sophisticated simulations for efficient management of HVAC systems. Modeling and simulating the energy performance of buildings represent a highly advanced technique that enables the predic-tion of complex system behaviors based on physical laws and principles. These simulations allow for precise solving of thermal equilibrium equations, taking into account all essential physical characteristics of the building, the com-plexity of the mechanical systems serving it, as well as a wide range of dynamic input variables throughout the entire calendar cycle. Critical factors significantly influencing energy consumption in buildings are region-specific climatic condi-tions, as well as individual user expectations regarding indoor temperature, humidity, and air quality. The methodology of this advanced research is based on the use of the state-of-the-art simulation tool Ener-gyPlus, which enables a detailed analysis of the building's energy performance. This holistic approach enables the enhancement of energy efficiency in existing buildings and optimization of HVAC system operation, resulting in significant energy savings and improved overall user comfort. Furthermore, this study aims to demonstrate the improvement of building systems themselves to achieve nZEB buildings and the utiliza-tion of renewable energy sources. The work is expected to use simulations of the model, along with additional systems, to minimize the net site en-ergy through PV panel-integrated systems compared to the model without such systems. The results obtained from the baseline model already demonstrate low energy requirements, while the use of PV panels is expected to result in even lower consumption. The total energy required to meet the building's energy needs is 41,109.67 kWh, which translates to 36.41 kWh/m² of the total building area. The paper will also demonstrate a reduction in CO2 emissions compared to the model without PV panel-integrated systems.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140754682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Esterification reaction of oleic acid catalyzed by modified mesoporous silica SBA-15","authors":"D. Pečar, Vladan Mićić, A. Goršek","doi":"10.24094/kghk.023.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.023.027","url":null,"abstract":"The esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol practically does not occur at the temperature of most current industrial processes. If you raise the temperature, significant conversion occurs only above 200°C and after several hours. For the above reasons, all of today's industrial oleic acid esterification technologies are based on catalyzed esterification. Catalysts based on silicates are often used as catalysts in the mentioned reactions because they are cheap, easy to synthesize, insoluble in most organic solvents, and recyclable. In this work, modified mesopo-rous silica SBA-15 was used, which is suitable for a wide range of organic reactions. The effect of the amount of this catalyst on the yield of the esterification reaction was studied. It has been shown that with an increase in the amount of catalyst, the degree of conversion, i.e. the yield of methyl oleate, increases.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"297 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140754201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of an urban evapotranspiration index based on new Penman-Monteith framework. A Case Study for Belgrade Area","authors":"Žana Stevanović, Stanislaw Anweiler","doi":"10.24094/kghk.023.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.023.021","url":null,"abstract":"The water cycle is dependent on the ability of urban surface water to evaporate. Understanding how the at-mosphere interacts with this process is very important. It is also difficult to determine how much water is evapotran-spiration coming from urban areas due to their varying surface characteristics. A cloud cover's effect on solar radia-tion can determine how much reaches the surface of the Earth. In addition to shielding surface water, clouds can also help reduce the surface temperature gradient of the water. The paper noted that the enhanced multi-source model can be used to calculate the urban evapotranspiration of Belgrade urban area. The urban model incorporated Monteith's framework to evaluate the data from a metrological station regarding the cloud cover's data for a specific period. It then considered the various factors that affected the evaporation process, including the wind speed, air temperature, and moisture content of soil. The vegetation cover and leaf area index are also considered to calculate the overall effect of evaporation. The urban model developed by the new Penman-Monteith framework performed better than its predecessor in calculating urban evapotranspiration. The study demonstrates how urban water usage contributes to the urban heat island issue, as well as how cloud cover can also affect this phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"11 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140754055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy performance prediction (by BIN method) of a system with heat pump applied to UNIQA building","authors":"Marko G. Ignjatović, Slobodan Pejković","doi":"10.24094/kghk.022.077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.022.077","url":null,"abstract":"Building energy performance prediction is very important since allows engineers to evaluate, among others, system operation energy consumption and costs. Many different methods exist for performance prediction, from simple to very complex, but choosing an appropriate method is as important as using methods regularly. In this paper, estimation of energy consumption and costs with BIN method was performed for refurbishing air conditioning system in office building in Belgrade. The proposed heat recovery from exhaust air by installing a heat pump system between exhaust and fresh air had been compared to existing system and has shown great cost reduction for air preparation of nearly 85%. The methodology applied is not computationally intensive and can be done regularly for heat pump systems with air as a heat source if proper weather data for location are provided and generated. In addition, one way to generate necessary BIN data from regularly available typical meteorogical year was shown.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"865 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113999236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjacent building shading effect on the energy performance of a non-residential building for climatic conditions in Serbia","authors":"N. Nikolic, Milisav Prodanović, N. Lukic, Aleksandar Lukić","doi":"10.24094/kghk.022.043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.022.043","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the impact of the presence of surrounding buildings on the energy behavior of a non-residential building for climatic conditions in Serbia was examined. For the first time, this impact was considered for different people occupancy schedules, real, average yearly and maximum occupancy, and two different ventilation methods (Method 1 and 3), defined according to the currently valid standard EN 16798. The findings of this study indicate that the predicted total heating energy demands of a building may be significantly affected due to the shading caused by adjacent objects. Through building energy simulations, it was found that a building with a shading effect consumes from 6.43% to 11% more energy than a building where the presence of surrounding buildings is neglected. Neglecting this impact leads to an error in predicting the building's energy consumption. Observing the simultaneous impact of the people occupancy and surrounding objects, this error can reach a value of as much as 21.13%. Based on the presented results, in order to bring the predicted energy behavior of the building closer to its actual behavior, it is recommended to use the real occupancy schedule. The maximum occupancy schedule, in any case, should be avoided. For the same reason, the adjacent shading effect needs to be accounted for in building energy simulation studies. This effect should be also taken into consideration when planning and developing a new urban settlements.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116936628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of energy consumption of a residential building using hourly simulations","authors":"Jaško Tamindžić, Milica Tucović, Aleksandra Sretenović Dobrić, Uroš Milovančević, Vladmir Černicin","doi":"10.24094/kghk.022.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.022.019","url":null,"abstract":"The largest amount of energy in households in Serbia is being spent for heating needs. Therefore, the main idea of this paper is to compare the heating bills for a residential building in Belgrade using various energy sources. Electric boiler, gas fired condensing boiler and air to water heat pump are analyzed. For calculating expences, the current electricity and gas rates in Serbia have been used. For selected cases, both primary energy use and CO2 emission have been compared.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123371667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sets of factors influencing the subsystem objective function of a heater and its efficiency in central water heating systems","authors":"Mile Šiljak","doi":"10.24094/kghk.022.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24094/kghk.022.033","url":null,"abstract":"Due to current world problems existing in space and time as never before, with pronounced ongoing degradation tendencies, the energy efficiency of singular, partial and/or integral energetically active units in the domain of applied thermotechnics in buildings is gaining excessive importance which, as an imperative, obligates the industry to carry out, within the limits of feasibility, sophisticated professional observations to prevent their degradation during the working life. Among the numerous central heating systems, \"central water heating systems\" are certainly the most common and have the longest application tradition. In the general structural arrangement of these systems at the level of subsystems, there is a recognizable, defined subsystem of equal importance for \"releasing heat to the heated space with accompanying fittings.\" The subsystem objective function is influenced by numerous sets of influencing factors, which can significantly affect the subsystem and integral quality of the implemented system and its efficiency during its intended use. As an active analyst in the field of central heating systems, I approached this research for deontological reasons and intending to improve theory and practice in this field, but also to eliminate any possible errors, doubts, misconceptions, illusions, frauds and/or adverse consequences in the achievement of \"energy efficiency\" of the defined subsystem. In principle, the following sets of influencing factors have been identified: a set of geometric factors; a set of fluid factors; a set of correlation factors; a set of transmission factors; a set of interior factors; a set of cultural factors; and a set of psycho-physiological factors. The findings indicate, among other things, that accepted partial subsystem units, i.e., the subsystem for \"releasing heat to the heated space with accompanying fittings\" in the phase of the intended use of the object concerned, has a pronounced impact on the subsystem and integral system energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":109471,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 54th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124569386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}