Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018最新文献

{"title":"Factors affecting the free shrinkage of handsheets: apparent density, fines content, water retention value, and grammage","authors":"N. Mayeli","doi":"10.32964/TJ17.06.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ17.06.317","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial papermaking is a high-speed process during which a suspension of cellulosic fibers is formed into a continuous web via dewatering followed by drying. Dewatering in the paper machine occurs mechanically in the forming and pressing sections; however, most of the remaining water, whose removal requires applying high temperatures, evaporates in the dryer section. As a result, the paper web shrinks, due to the shrinkage of individual fibers in the paper web. On the paper machine, the paper web is under restraint in the machine direction (MD), whereas it can shrink in the cross-machine direction (CD). The edges of the web shrink more than the center of the web. A shrinkage profile is therefore created in the CD of the web. All machine-made papers exhibit a CD shrinkage profile. The CD shrinkage profile is significant because it affects the final product quality and manufacturing efficiency. The prime cause of the CD shrinkage profile during drying is free shrinkage. The effects of several wood pulp fibers on the free shrinkage of handsheets were investigated to obtain deeper understanding of the mechanism of paper shrinkage during drying processes.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87226403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreased water usage in a softwood ECF bleaching sequence—full mill simulations","authors":"P. Jour, K. Lindgren, Katarina Gutke, Johan Wallinder","doi":"10.32964/TJ17.06.353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ17.06.353","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleach plant with a D0(EOP)D1(EP)D2 sequence was studied with the aim of identifying options for significantly decreasing (fresh) water usage in the bleach plant and decreasing the effluent volume. A base-case simulation model for a softwood kraft market pulp mill was made based on a reference model representing the best available techniques as well as data produced in an extensive laboratory pulp bleaching study. This model was used to evaluate increased closure within the bleach plant and the recirculation of bleach plant effluent to the brownstock system and their effects on both the bleach plant and the recovery cycle. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce the fresh water consumption from 15 metric tons/a.d. metric ton in the base case to about 2 metric tons/a.d. metric ton, without increasing the carryover of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to the pulp machine. Nonprocess elements in wood contribute to the levels of metals found in the bleach plant and thus to the risk of precipitates such as calcium oxalate, barium sulfate, and calcium carbonate. The risk of precipitates forming is a key factor determining the possible degree of closure. In addition, chloride concentration in the black liquor is another important factor that is affected by recirculating bleach plant filtrate to the brownstock washer and by the grade of the sodium hydroxide used in the mill.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75761838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using online bubble size and total dissolved solids measurements to investigate the performance of oxygen delignification","authors":"Riku Kopra, Heikki Mutikainen, O. Dahl","doi":"10.32964/TJ17.06.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ17.06.343","url":null,"abstract":"The main target of oxygen delignification is to continue delignification that started in cooking in a more selective manner than occurs in the digester (i.e., remove a substantial fraction of the residual lignin using oxygen and alkali at a moderate temperature). Delignification with oxygen is a gentler way of reducing the kappa number than extended cooking. Lowering inlet kappa to bleaching also decreases bleaching chemicals consumption and, because of this, reduces organic wastewater load from bleaching. We studied the performance of oxygen delignification by installing bubble size imaging systems and refractometers, which measure dissolved dry solids in the oxygen stage feed. Based on these measurements, we gathered information about gas dispersion (bubble size distribution) and the behavior of dissolved matter in the hardwood mill’s oxygen delignification stage. Our goal was to investigate the effects of different variables on the oxygen stage’s gas dispersion, kappa reduction, yield, and pulp quality. Gas dispersion improved (i.e., average bubble size decreased) when the chemical mixer speed increased. Increasing the mixer speed and the amount of oxygen yielded higher kappa number reductions and increased the amount of dissolved organic matter.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88830202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the out-of-plane response of fiber networks with a representative volume element model","authors":"Yujun Li, Ze-hong Yu, S. Reese, J. Simon","doi":"10.32964/TJ17.06.329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ17.06.329","url":null,"abstract":"Many natural and synthetic materials have fibrous microstructures, including nonwoven fabrics, paper, and fiberboard. Experimentally evaluating their out-of-plane mechanical behavior can be difficult because of the small thickness compared with the in-plane dimension. To properly predict such properties, network-scale models are required to obtain homogenized material mechanics by considering fiber-scale mechanisms. We demonstrate a three-dimensional representative volume element (RVE) for fiber networks using the finite element method. We first adopted the classical deposition procedure to generate fiber networks with random or preferential fiber orientations and then an artificial compression to achieve the practical fiber volume fraction. The hollow fibers, described with elastic-plastic brick elements, were joined by interface-based cohesive zone elements introduced in all fiber-fiber contact areas. Thereafter, the fiber networks were subjected to displacement boundary conditions, and their apparent mechanical response was evaluated by a homogenized stress. To determine the RVE dimension, we further conducted an RVE size convergence study for the out-of-plane compression and tension (varying specimen length while keeping the specimen thickness constant). Finally, we evaluated the apparent out-of-plane response of the obtained RVE for four loading cases: out-of-plane compression, tension, simple shear, and pure shear. The results show a quite different mechanical behavior of fiber networks between all these out-of-plane loading cases, particularly between tension and compression.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77813212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsea Well Envelope Integrity Assessment Utilizing Electromagnetic Pulse and Spectral Noise Logging, Case Study","authors":"M. Swankie, I. MacFarlane, M. Volkov, M. Abshenas, M. Khabibullin, A. Trusov, D. Kanukov","doi":"10.2118/190888-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190888-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Operator of a subsea field in the UK North Sea studied the optimum process for the permanent plugging and abandonment of a number of subsea wells which included a campaign of downhole data gathering and safe suspension of selected wells using a Light Well Intervention vessel (LWI) prior to the arrival of a mobile drilling unit. The criticality of this phase of the operation was to enter already shut-in wells, and to establish access to wells which had not been accessed or worked over for over 20 years. This meant limited data was available for the condition of the casings and completions. In order to safely suspend the wells after the campaign, the wells had to be plugged above the reservoir and the envelope of the well had to be pressure-tested to confirm the integrity of the barriers. Once the well envelope and barriers were successfully tested in accordance to established industry criteria the wells could be safely suspended. It is to be noted that in this phase of the operation the tubing needed to remain in place and was not be retrieved, as the retrieval of the tubing would require a drilling rig. However, the main envelope of the well which had to be pressure-tested is located behind the tubing. In order to assess the condition of the casing behind tubing an Electro-Magnetic (EM)pulselogging tool was run in the well to determine the condition of the casing and to determine the level of the corrosion. This then assists the Operator to design the pressure test values for the operation. The major steps of the operation were as follows: Multi -Finger Caliper (MFC) and EM pulse logging tool to be run inside the tubing using electric wireline to assess the integrity and corrosion condition of the tubing as well as the casing behind tubing.Deep-set plug to be set at the bottom of the tubing to isolate the reservoir.Deep-set plug to be pressure-tested to ensure the plug is set properly.Tubing to be punched to circulate the tubing and A-annulus fluid.The envelope of the well i.e. Completion Jewellery – Casing, Packer, Deep-set plug, etc. to be pressure tested. Prior to pressure testing the EM pulse logging data would be utilised to determine the pressure test values.Successful pressure test would mean successful isolation and suspension of the well, however, in the event of a failed pressure test the root cause of the failure would be investigated using Spectral Noise Logging technique to detect and identify the leak point, e.g., casing leak, packer leak, plug leak etc. This specific logging tool was kept on board as a contingency service in case of a failed pressure test.\u0000 This paper describes briefly the physics of the measurements for EM pulse logging as well as Spectral Noise Logging in the context of this campaign followed by case studies which illustrate specific well data.\u0000 The paper also includes a description of additional sensors which were utilised in the campaign in combination with EM pulse logging and Spectral Noise Logging (SNL","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"372 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76431633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress Corrosion Cracking in Twin Ferrule Compression Fittings in SS31600","authors":"P. Barker","doi":"10.2118/190887-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190887-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Twin Ferrule Compression fittings are used worldwide in many industries for pressure containment including Oil and Gas. Stainless steel grade UNS S 31600 / 1.4401 is a common choice of material for such items as it offers corrosion resistance in its uncoated state and a high degree of internal cleanliness. As an austenitic stainless steel however the items are prone to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (CSCC) in certain environments such as offshore marine and coastal areas where such failures were previously reported in SPE paper 157356-PP 2012.\u0000 It has since been suggested that a contributory factor to these failures may be over tightening of the fittings during installation inducing excessive tensile stresses above design intent and shortening the time to failure.\u0000 This paper will attempt to quantify these stresses and show how the act of over tightening the fitting (beyond the manufactures recommendation) may affect the susceptibility to CSCC and the time to failure. It will also detail the development of CSCC in the fittings over time and show how the degradation mechanism progresses to leak type failures.\u0000 These items are numerous on oil and gas production platforms with several thousand typically employed per installation so the importance of knowledge in this area may be significant to some users. If the morphology or stages of cracking can be identified then targeted inspection of fittings may be carried out to plan change outs in a timely manner rather than allowing the cracks to develop to cause larger leaks or unplanned shutdowns. If the precise morphology of the cracking is identified a better understanding of the consequences can be made.\u0000 Verifying tensile stress levels may also be used in the selection of alternative materials for the fittings. Fitting manufacturers offer a range of alternative materials which may be more resistant to stress corrosion cracking such as Duplex, SMo or Nickel alloys.\u0000 The test took a sample of new ½″ tubing connector twin ferrule fittings of S31600 material and fixed them to tubing using various degrees of tightening. The fittings were then subjected to the standard accelerated corrosion test of ASTM G123 00.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79682617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Approach to Identifying and Evaluating External Corrosion Using Advanced Technology","authors":"R. Cedeño, Abdullah Ghannam, Hakim Nouioua, M. Fayyaz","doi":"10.2118/190886-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190886-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper discusses a novel approach to capturing the impact of corrosion in oil producers and water injection wells. This approach takes advantage of a tailor-made new technology developed for evaluating corrosion challenges based on the induced electromagnetic field principle. As a result, exceptional outcomes have been obtained from this data integration that helped accurately identify hot spots of high metal loss caused by downhole corrosion mechanisms.\u0000 Recent technology developments have enabled a successful investigative and diagnostic technique to not only appraise root causes of casing integrity failures but also to suggest optimized solutions to tackle proactively potential catastrophic scenarios. There is an increased need to correctly identify and troubleshoot these issues using the most suitable technology, promoting a clear understanding and identification of the hot spots and rank the risks where there is more likely to be potential integrity problems.\u0000 In the past, it has been impossible to identify such issues before they become potential hazards due to technology limitations. With the passage of time, proactive investment in research and development in this highly dynamic industry made possible a new generation of corrosion logging tools capable of identifying and diagnosing the extent of these types of issues, enabling the production engineering team to identifying the problem, evaluating potential risk, establishing the best possible solutions for remedial works, and improving well integrity surveillance methods.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86626802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional H2S Scavenger and Corrosion Inhibitor: Addressing Integrity Challenges and Production Output of the Mature Field","authors":"Marko Stipaničev, Ø. Birketveit, Vibeke Hatloe Kvalheim, J. Hoshowski, M. Lioliou, Tore Rindalsholt","doi":"10.2118/190911-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190911-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Production of mature oil and gas fields often requires managing the related risks and limitations imposed by reservoir souring upon assets and production integrity. The corrosive effect of H2S in combination with export gas H2S specifications, escalates operational expenditure (OPEX). The treatment of produced fluids can, in a worst-case scenario, reduce production output if the appropriate toolbox for managing elevated H2S levels are not in place. Herein presented is a case where production from a subsea field was restricted by the amount of H2S produced due to constrains in the topside gas processing system. The objective of the work was to remove significant amounts of H2S from produced fluids during transit via subsea production pipelines; scavenging H2S during multiphase flow, whilst maintaining corrosion and scale inhibition.\u0000 A novel multiphase H2S scavenger was incorporated into the incumbent subsea corrosion inhibitor. The work included identification of suitable multiphase H2S scavenging chemistry, tailoring of the multipurpose chemical to retain corrosion inhibition properties, and confirmation that this new chemistry did not deleteriously impact performance of other production chemicals used nor the production process itself. The experimental development work depicted ethylenedioxy(dimethanol) (EDDM) as capable of delivering suitable H2S scavenging capacity while maintaining corrosion inhibitor component performance. The qualification work supported a full-scale field test that demonstrated suitability of the new multipurpose chemical.\u0000 The new environmentally acceptable combined formulation of corrosion inhibitor and H2S scavenger enables higher production rates from the subsea field without modification of the chemical injection system or topside process system.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87490308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Permanent Way to Prevent Corrosion on Carbon Steel","authors":"Sameer Patel, M. Alpert","doi":"10.2118/190893-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190893-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper discusses a method of preventing carbon steel from corroding by alloying the surface of the steel with amorphous phosphate protective layer. Specifically discussed is a novel spray applied coating that has been developed using inorganic acid-base chemistry to create and grow a passive layer on the substrate. Detail is provided to show two main reactions occurring at the same time when EonCoat is applied on carbon steel. First, formation of a microscopic alloying layer, and second the formation of a cementitious macroscopic layer. The cementitious layer consists of a white cementitious material enriched in phosphate. The passive layer is amorphous metal phosphate of several micron in thickness. SEM and electrochemical analysis prove the chemical bond between alloying layer and the carbon steel, meaning the steel cannot further corrode. This paper describes the invention, chemistry, lab testing/findings (results and discussion), field testing and validation of the newly developed anti-corrosion technology.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90254760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-Molecular Non-Corrosive Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenger","authors":"P. Dhulipala, Jagrut Jani, M. Wyatt, S. Lehrer, Z. Liu, J. Leidensdorf, Soma Chakraborty","doi":"10.2118/190908-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/190908-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Acidithobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) is a gram-negative, acidophilic and chemolithotropic bacterium that utilizes oxidation of ferrous ions, hydrogen and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds, such as H2S, as sources of energy. Sulfur oxidation in A. ferroxidans is catalyzed by the Sulfide Quinone Reductase (SQR) enzyme system. The initial step of the SQR reaction is the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur or to the less-toxic polysulfide. SQR can eliminate the accumulation and persistence of H2S in waters and reservoirs contaminated with sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB). H2S causes reservoir souring, corrosion problems, and presents a danger to oilfield personnel because of its inherent toxicity. SQR does not destroy the SRBs present in the system, but it does catalytically attack the H2S and H2S precursors produced by SRBs. As an enzyme, SQR is an environmentally compliant, sustainable, and catalytic solution to the growing H2S problem. The Sulfide Quinone Reductase enzyme (Bio-molecular scavenger-BMS) was evaluated for its efficacy as an H2S mitigation strategy. The evaluation showed that the BMS could convert H2S from different sources in liquid and gaseous phases in to nontoxic polysulfide. The studies also showed that the BMS-based H2S mitigation reactions did not cause corrosion, and the formulations are compatible with oilfield metals, plastics and elastomers.","PeriodicalId":10943,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, June 18, 2018","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80582290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}