Current molecular pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Gut Microbiota Modulation for Therapeutic Management of Various Diseases: A New Perspective Using Stem Cell Therapy.","authors":"Lamiaa A Ahmed,&nbsp;Khaled F Al- Massri","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220222105004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220222105004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dysbiosis has been linked to various diseases ranging from cardiovascular, neurologic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and metabolic illnesses to cancer. Restoring of gut microbiota balance represents an outstanding clinical target for the management of various multidrug-resistant diseases. Preservation of gut microbial diversity and composition could also improve stem cell therapy which now has diverse clinical applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Gut microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy may be considered a highly promising field that could add up towards the improvement of different diseases, increasing the outcome and efficacy of each other through mutual interplay or interaction between both therapies. Importantly, more investigations are required to reveal the cross-talk between microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy to pave the way for the development of new therapies with enhanced therapeutic outcomes. This review provides an overview of dysbiosis in various diseases and their management. It also discusses microbiota modulation via antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant to introduce the concept of dysbiosis correction for the management of various diseases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the beneficial interactions between microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy as a way for the development of new therapies in addition to limitations and future challenges regarding the applications of these therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 1","pages":"43-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9509365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Myricetin following Lipopolysaccharide/DGalactosamine: Involvement of Autophagy and Sirtuin 1.","authors":"Amir Rostami,&nbsp;Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad,&nbsp;Mehrdad Roghani","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220614101721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220614101721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute liver injury (ALI) is a critical and fatal disorder associated with excessive oxidative stress and inflammation, ultimately leading to the death of hepatocytes. Myricetin is a bioflavonoid in some berries, including blueberries and strawberries, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In the current research, the hepatoprotective potential of myricetin was studied in the LPS/D-GalN model of ALI in C57BL/6 mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For inducing liver injury, D-GalN (400 mg/kg) and LPS (50 µg/kg) were injected via intraperitoneal route and myricetin was orally administered (25 or 100 mg/kg/day) for two days before inducing injury. Functional indices of liver dysfunction along with hepatic apoptotic, autophagic, oxidative stress and inflammatory factors were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Myricetin (100 mg/kg) reduced the fatality rate of animals and pathological liver changes and suitably lowered serum levels of total bilirubin, 8-OH-dG, ALT, AST and ALP in addition to decreasing apoptotic, oxidative and inflammatory factors, NOX, NLRP3, caspase 3, MPO and enhancing some antioxidants. Besides, myricetin improved the hepatic level and activity of sirtuin 1 and reversed inappropriate alterations of autophagic parameters, including LC3 II, Beclin 1, and P62. The beneficial effects of myricetin were attenuated after co-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3- methyladenine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study indicates the hepatoprotective potential of myricetin that can be ascribed to its down-regulation of oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory factors and upregulation of antioxidants besides its partial regulation of sirtuin 1 and autophagic pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 3","pages":"419-433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9509407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nf-κb: A Target for Synchronizing the Functioning Nervous Tissue Progenitors of Different Types in Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Gleb Nikolaevich Zyuz'kov,&nbsp;Larisa Arkad Evna Miroshnichenko,&nbsp;Alexander Vasil Evich Chayikovskyi,&nbsp;Larisa Yur Evna Kotlovskaya","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220601144727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220601144727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The efficacy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment can be enhanced by developing neurogenesis regulation approaches by synchronizing regenerative-competent cell (RCCs) activity. As part of the implementation of this direction, the search for drug targets among intracellular signaling molecules is promising.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to test the hypothesis that NF-кB inhibitors are able to synchronize the activities of different types RCCs in AD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The effects of NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23 on the functioning of neural stem cells (NSCs), neuronal-committed progenitors (NCPs), and neuroglial cells were studied. Individual populations of C57B1/6 mice brain cells were obtained by immunomagnetic separation. Studies were carried out under conditions of modeling β-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration (βAIN) in vitro.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We showed that β-amyloid (Aβ) causes divergent changes in the functioning of NSCs and NCPs. Also demonstrated that different populations of neuroglia respond differently to exposure to Aβ. These phenomena indicate a significant discoordination of the activities of various RCCs. We revealed an important role of NF-κB in the regulation of progenitor proliferation and differentiation and glial cell secretory function. It was found that the NF-κB inhibitor causes synchronization of the pro-regenerative activities of NSCs, NCPs, as well as oligodendrocytes and microglial cells in βAIN.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results show the promise of developing a novel approach to Alzheimer's disease treatment with NF-κВ inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 2","pages":"234-241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9138902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicorandil and Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapeutic Effect after Ureteral Obstruction in Adult Male Albino Rats.","authors":"Heba M Abdel-Aziz,&nbsp;Nahla E Ibrahem,&nbsp;Noura H Mekawy,&nbsp;Amal Fawzy,&nbsp;Noura Mostafa Mohamad,&nbsp;Walaa Samy","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220322113734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220322113734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem for which renal fibrogenesis is the final treatment target.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In our work, we have highlighted two new strategies, nicorandil and Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), as effective in reversing renal fibrosis induced by partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current study included 96 male albino rats randomly divided into four groups, with 24 rats per group; Group I, the control group; Group II, PUUO, where two-thirds of the left ureter was entrenched in the psoas muscle; Group III, same surgical procedure as in Group II for 7 days, and then the rats received 15 mg/kg/day nicorandil once daily for 21 days; and Group IV, same surgical procedure as in Group II for 7 days, and then rats were given 3 × 106 of labeled MSCs injected intravenous, and left for 21 days. Blood and kidney tissues were collected for biochemical, histological, and molecular analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both the nicorandil and BM-MSCs treatment groups could ameliorate kidney damage evidenced by inhibition of MDA elevation and total antioxidant capacity reduction caused by PUUO. Also, there was a significant reduction observed in TNF, TGF, IL6, collagen I, and α-SMA in addition to improvement in histological examination. However, a significant difference was found between the BM-MSCs and nicorandil-treated groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that BM-MSCs and nicorandil improved renal fibrosis progression through their antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects in male albino rats subjected to PUUO, with BM-MSCs being more effective compared to nicorandil.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 1","pages":"124-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9147386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium Valproate Modulates the Methylation Status of Lysine Residues 4, 9 and 27 in Histone H3 of HeLa Cells.","authors":"Marina Amorim Rocha,&nbsp;Benedicto de Campos Vidal,&nbsp;Maria Luiza Silveira Mello","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220316110405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220316110405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Valproic acid/sodium valproate (VPA), a well-known anti-epileptic agent, inhibits histone deacetylases, induces histone hyperacetylation, promotes DNA demethylation, and affects the histone methylation status in some cell models. Histone methylation profiles have been described as potential markers for cervical cancer prognosis. However, histone methylation markers that can be studied in a cervical cancer cell line, like HeLa cells, have not been investigated following treatment with VPA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the effect of 0.5 mM and 2.0 mM VPA for 24 h on H3K4me2/me3, H3K9me/me2 and H3K27me/me3 signals as well as on KMT2D, EZH2, and KDM3A gene expression was investigated using confocal microscopy, Western blotting, and RT-PCR. Histone methylation changes were also investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that VPA induces increased levels of H3K4me2/me3 and H3K9me, which are indicative of chromatin activation. Particularly, H3K4me2 markers appeared intensified close to the nuclear periphery, which may suggest their implication in increased transcriptional memory. The abundance of H3K4me2/me3 in the presence of VPA was associated with increased methyltransferase KMT2D gene expression. VPA induced hypomethylation of H3K9me2, which is associated with gene silencing, and concomitant with the demethylase KDM3A, it increased gene expression. Although VPA induces increased H3K27me/me3 levels, it is suggested that the role of the methyltransferase EZH2 in this context could be affected by interactions with this drug.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Histone FTIR spectra were not affected by VPA under present experimental conditions. Whether our epigenetic results are consistent with VPA affecting the aggressive tumorous state of HeLa cells, further investigation is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 2","pages":"197-210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9622962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Biomarkers and Novel Drug Targets to Cut Gordian Knots of Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Abdul Jalil Shah,&nbsp;Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din,&nbsp;Saba Sabreen,&nbsp;Taha Umair Wani,&nbsp;Rafia Jan,&nbsp;Noushad Javed,&nbsp;Prince Ahad Mir,&nbsp;Reyaz Hassan Mir,&nbsp;Mubashir Hussain Masoodi","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220903095837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220903095837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD), the primary cause of dementia, escalating worldwide, has no proper diagnosis or effective treatment. Neuronal cell death and impairment of cognitive abilities, possibly triggered by several brain mechanisms, are the most significant characteristic of this disorder.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multitude of pharmacological targets have been identified for potential drug design against AD. Although many advances in treatment strategies have been made to correct various abnormalities, these often exhibit limited clinical significance because this disease aggressively progresses into different regions of the brain, causing severe deterioration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>These biomarkers can be game-changers for early detection and timely monitoring of such disorders.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review covers clinically significant biomarkers of AD for precise and early monitoring of risk factors and stages of this disease, the potential site of action and novel targets for drugs, and pharmacological approaches to clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 3","pages":"254-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9141790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bedaquiline in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Mini-Review.","authors":"Baljinder Singh, Charan Singh","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220421130707","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1874467215666220421130707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a contagious pulmonary disease with a high mortality rate in developing countries. However, the recommendation of DOTS (approved by WHO) was effective in treating tuberculosis, but nowadays, resistance from the first line (MDR-TB) and the second line (XDR-TB) drugs is highly common. Whereas, the resistance is a result of factors like poor patient constancy due to the long duration of therapy and co-infection with HIV. The approval of bedaquiline under an accelerated program for the treatment of MDR-TB has revealed its effectiveness in clinical trials as a therapeutic novel molecule. BDQ selectively inhibits the ATP synthase of bacterium and reduces ATP production. Additionally, the poor pharmacokinetic properties raised provocations in the MDR therapy, but the use of targeted drug delivery can solve the hurdles. While the preclinical and clinical studies included in this review are strongly suggesting the usefulness of BDQ in MDR-TB and XDR-TB, the repurposing of different drug classes in resistant TB is opening new opportunities to manage the disease conditions. In this review, we have summarized the examples of pipeline drugs and repurposed molecules with preclinical formulation developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 3","pages":"243-253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9144189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Efficacy of Levosimendan, Ramipril, and Sacubitril/ Valsartan in Isoproterenol-induced Experimental Heart Failure: A Hemodynamic and Molecular Approach.","authors":"Md Sayeed Akhtar,&nbsp;Md Quamrul Hassan,&nbsp;Obaid Afzal,&nbsp;Abdulmalik S A Altamimi,&nbsp;Mohd Zaheen Hassan,&nbsp;Arun Kumar,&nbsp;Asif Ansari Shaik Mohammad,&nbsp;Fauzia Tabassum","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220919104526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220919104526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cardiac ischemia-related myocardial damage has been considered a major reason for heart failure. We aimed to investigate the role of levosimendan (LEVO) in comparison to ramipril and sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) in preventing damage associated with isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Myocardial infarction was induced by injecting subcutaneous isoproterenol (5 mg/kg once for 7 consecutive days) to establish an experimental heart failure model. Simultaneously, LEVO (1 mg/kg/day), ramipril (3mg/kg/day) and Sac/Val (68 mg/kg/day) suspension were administered orally for four weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed a significant correlation between ISO-induced ischemia with cardiac remodeling and alterations in myocardial architecture. LEVO, ramipril, and Sac/Val significantly prevented lipid peroxidation and damaged antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and thioredoxin reductase. We also observed their ameliorative effects in myocardium's cardiac hypertrophy, evidenced by reduced heart weight to body weight ratio and transforming growth factor β related collagen deposition. LEVO, ramipril, and Sac/Val also maintained cardiac biomarkers like lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB, brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac Troponin-I, indicating reduced myocardial damage that was further demonstrated by histopathological examination. Decreased sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase2a and sodium-calcium exchanger-1 protein depletion after LEVO, ramipril, and Sac/Val administration indicated improved Ca2+ homeostasis during myocardial contractility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that LEVO has comparable effects to ramipril, and Sac/Val in preventing myocardial damage via balancing oxidant-antioxidant system, decreased collagen deposition, reduced myocardial stress as well as improved Ca2+ homeostasis during myocardial contractility.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 6","pages":"629-639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9490283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Shogaol in Metals (Al, As and Pb) and High-fat diet-induced Neuroinflammation and Behavior in Mice.","authors":"Sara Ishaq,&nbsp;Sohana Siyar,&nbsp;Rabia Basri,&nbsp;Amna Liaqat,&nbsp;Armeen Hameed,&nbsp;Touqeer Ahmed","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220928110557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220928110557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Increased exposure of humans to toxic metals and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption severely damages brain health. Natural plant extracts have shown huge potential to treat multiple human diseases.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Shogaol (an active component of ginger) in neuroinflammation and behavioral paradigms in mice treated with metals and HFD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>8-11 weeks old male mice model was developed by giving a combination of metals, i.e., Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb) and Aluminum (Al), 25mg/kg each mixed in drinking water with laboratory prepared HFD (40% fat) for a total duration of 72 days. Shogaol treated groups received two doses (2mg/kg & 12mg/kg) of Shogaol along with metals and HFD. The biochemical parameters, including body weights, blood glucose, and kidney and liver functions, were assessed along with the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The expression analysis of neuroinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β & GFAP) was performed using q-PCR in the hippocampus and cortex. The exploratory and anxiety-like behavior was assessed using an open field test, and depressive behavior was assessed through the forced swim test, while learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze test and y-maze test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Shogaol (2mg/kg & 12mg/kg) treatment improved metabolic profile and reduced expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the cortex and the hippocampus. Shogaol treatment improved BBB integrity. Results of the behavioral analysis showed that Shogaol treatment (2mg/kg & 12mg/kg) rescued behavioral impairment and improved anxiety and depression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Shogaol treatment showed strong therapeutic potential in metals & HFD induced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive functions; thus, can be considered a potential drug candidate in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 7","pages":"725-750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9492869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible Mechanisms and Molecular Signaling of Incretins against the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Raziyeh Salami,&nbsp;Marziyeh Salami,&nbsp;Alireza Mafi,&nbsp;Mohammad-Hossein Aarabi,&nbsp;Omid Vakili,&nbsp;Zatollah Asemi","doi":"10.2174/1874467215666220829102020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467215666220829102020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing number of cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) and related diseases has become a global health concern. In this context, controlling blood glucose levels is critical to prevent and/or slow down the development of diabetes-related complications. Incretins, as gutderived hormones that trigger the post-meal secretion of insulin, are a well-known family of blood glucose modulators. Currently, incretin medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are extensively used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Several experimental and clinical studies illustrate that these metabolic hormones exert their antidiabetic effects through multiple molecular mechanisms. Accordingly, the current review aims to investigate key mechanisms and signaling pathways, such as the cAMP/PKA, Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, and AMPK pathways, associated with the antidiabetic effects of incretins. It also summarizes the outcomes of a group of clinical trials evaluating the incretins' antidiabetic potential in diabetic patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10865,"journal":{"name":"Current molecular pharmacology","volume":"16 4","pages":"448-464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9289052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}