Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2最新文献

{"title":"Antimicrobial Studies: An Approach to Microbiological Assay","authors":"Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/4743f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/4743f","url":null,"abstract":"This article includes brief introduction of bacteria and fungi along with commonly used bacteria and fungi which are used for antimicrobial activities. In this chapter, types of methods are also described in brief. This article includes how minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is measured in research work along with reported MIC of standard drugs for better result.","PeriodicalId":10848,"journal":{"name":"Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85168889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Volatile Constituents, Cytotoxic Activity and Antioxidant Potential of Fixed Extracts of Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms","authors":"S. G. Lima, J. Figuerêdo, Marcelo Costa dos Santos, A. Meneses, M. Rocha, José G. M. Costa, R. M. Fernandes","doi":"10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/12858d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/12858d","url":null,"abstract":"Copaibas (Leguminosae - Caesalpinoideae) are native to the tropical region of Latin America and also West Africa. Their stem barks are used in folk medicine as a cicatrizing, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antitumor agent. Thus, a phytochemical investigation of both the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the volatile and fixed constituents of the leaves, and bark of the Copaifera luetzelburgii stem is necessary and evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antioxidant potential and total phenol content. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of the volatile constituents, the cytotoxic activity, and the antioxidant potential against DPPH and ABTS radicals of C. luetzelburgii Harms, widely distributed in the Quilombola Community, municipality of Sao Miguel do Tapuio, State of Piaui, Brazil. The volatile constituents were extracted by the hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC-MS. The ethanolic stem extract (EECC) was also analyzed by LC-ESI-TOF-MS. The phytochemical screening of the leaf and stem bark extracts (SBE) was performed, with the SBE showing more promising results. \u0000While germacrene D (27.12%), (beta)-caryophilylene (16.43%), and germacrene B (12.58%) were found to be the major constituents in the essential oil from leaves (EOL); (gamma)-selinene (26.79%), 7-epi-(alpha)-selinene (24.73%) and (beta)-selinene (14.63%) were the major constituents in the oil of the stem bark. Toxicity evaluation was performed in Artemia salina with results considered inactive (LC50 >1000(mu)g mL-1). The EECC showed the best of total phenols contents 31.41 ± 3.07, as, for antioxidant activity performed against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) with CE50 value = 40.11 ± 2.31, while the ethanolic extract of copaiba leaves (EEFC) with CE50 value = 74.13 ± 6.05, all ready for the test 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) EECC showed better potential compared to EEFC. Thus, we hope that this work can contribute significantly to new research related to the species in phytochemistry and pharmacology.","PeriodicalId":10848,"journal":{"name":"Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89760983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Utilization Pattern of Anti Dementia Drugs and Cost-Effective Analysis in India","authors":"S. Ray","doi":"10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/13352d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/13352d","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The population suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias is estimated to increase every year in India, the reason being steady growth in the older population and stable increment in life expectancy. \u0000Aim: To evaluate the trend of clinical practices in India as well as cost analysis of anti dementia drugs in an Indian scenario. \u0000Material and Methods: Utilization pattern of anti dementia drugs studies was studied using literature survey and data mining of Prospective and Retrospective studies. Cost analysis was performed to evaluate wide variation in the prices of same anti dementia drug with different formulation in India. \u0000Results: Alzheimer’s disease is the most common subtype of dementia and Donepezil remains to be the most commonly prescribed drugs as indicated by Prospective and retrospective studies. Cost analysis of anti dementia drugs being manufactured by many companies across the different brands in India showed a very high variation in the minimum and maximum price. Cost ratio was highest for rivastigmine (1.5 mg capsule) and lowest for piracetam (400 mg tablet). It was observed that % cost variation of all the anti dementia drugs was above 100. \u0000Conclusion: Thus, in India, a wide variation in the prices of same drug with different formulation has a severe economic impact. More effort is needed to understand and analyze in terms of prescription, utilization pattern of anti dementia drugs as it has huge socioeconomic impact on patients and caregivers of mainly developing countries like India.","PeriodicalId":10848,"journal":{"name":"Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79432338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isatin Derivatives as Human Intestinal Carboxylesterase Inhibitors: An Approach towards 3D-QSAR, Pharmacophore and Molecular Docking","authors":"S. Jain, P. Ghode, A. Mishra","doi":"10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/12980d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/12980d","url":null,"abstract":"Carboxylesterases (CEs) metabolize numeral drugs and their inhibitions extend the bioactivity or may decrease the harmfulness of compounds that are triggered by these enzymes. Isatin derivatives which were reported as carboxylesterase inhibitors selected in order to establish structure activity relationship quantitatively by using k-nearest neighbour molecular field analysis (kNN MFA). The dataset comprised of 49 compounds and sphere exclusion (SE) algorithm was applied for the division of the data set into training and test set. The models were generated using different values of dissimilarity levels, of which, the best model was obtained (dissimilarity value 3.75) showed cross validated correlation coefficient (q2) 0.8594 and predicted correlation (pred_r2) 0.8106 with test set of 9 compounds. kNN-MFA methodology with stepwise (SW) forward-backward, was used for building the QSAR models. The kNN-MFA contour plots showed relationship between structural features of substituted isatin derivatives and their activities which may be used to design newer potential CE inhibitors. \u0000Pharmacophore studies reveals common two aromatic (AroC) and two hydrogen bond acceptors (HAc) features obtained from Molsign and Pharmagist approaches. The present work may be useful for further lead optimization and designing of potent carboxylesterase inhibitors. Molecular docking study was performed to identify potential interactions of the compounds with carboxylesterase active site. For this purpose the pdb id 2hrq (crystal structure of human carboxylesterase with soman) was chosen. Compound 62 exhibits a comparable docking score and bind into the active site of enzyme.","PeriodicalId":10848,"journal":{"name":"Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73729918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Discriminatory Drug Dissolution Method for Estimation of Rivaroxaban from Rivaroxaban Tablets","authors":"M. Pankaj","doi":"10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/4632f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caprd/v2/4632f","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The objective of the present study is to develop discriminatory dissolution method to be used as a release parameter for testing and evaluating product performance by using quality by design trials intended for regulated markets. Methods: The appropriate conditions were determined after testing solubility in dissolution medium, surfactant concentration, rotation speed, pH of the dissolution medium, apparatus type. Results: Based on studies, the best dissolution conditions were achieved using a USP apparatus II, 900 ml of medium of 0.4% SLS in pH 4.5 acetate buffer at a rotation speed of 75 rpm. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the systematic development of a discriminatory dissolution method for Rivaroxaban, a BCS Class 2 drug exhibiting pH-independent solubility. The dissolution method presented here can be used as a quality control test for Rivaroxaban tablet with special emphasis to understand in a batch to batch evaluation.","PeriodicalId":10848,"journal":{"name":"Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2","volume":"236 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86693853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}