Current Medical Research and Opinion最新文献

{"title":"The 'less side effect, more benefit' hypothesis: explaining the colchicine paradox.","authors":"Ahmed B Shamsulddin","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2741492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2741492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite a 2024 ESC Class IIa recommendation for chronic coronary syndrome and a 2025 ACC/AHA Class 2b recommendation following acute coronary syndrome, low-dose colchicine suffers from a profound implementation gap in routine clinical practice. This gap affects negatively on clinical practice particularly in low to mid income countries where a widespread use of a low cost drug yield a substantial benefit. We argue that the prevailing paradigm for evaluating this therapy is incomplete. Currently, gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance is treated merely as a side effect; we propose it is a post-randomization intercurrent event that attenuates the observed efficacy and explains trial heterogeneity. This Commentary introduces the \"<b>Less Side Effect, More Benefit</b>\" hypothesis. By contrasting the positive COLCOT trial (which had a blunted GI signal) with the neutral CLEAR SYNERGY trial (which suffered from prominent GI toxicity and higher treatment discontinuation), we illustrate how non-adherence acts as an effect modifier. To overcome this tolerability mediator and unlock colchicine's potential clinical benefit, we propose a dual research agenda: first, developing better-tolerated formulations (e.g. enteric-coated or extended release formula) to bypass gastric toxicity, and second, utilizing more specific biomarkers (like IL-1β) rather than broad hs-CRP to identify ideal responders.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of antiemetics for pediatric gastroenteritis-related vomiting in emergency departments: a network meta-analysis.","authors":"Mohammed Alsabri, Khaled Abouelmagd, Ahmed Bostamy Elsnhory, Ibrahim Kamal, Sarah Makram Elsayed, Wafaa Shehada, Suhel F Batarseh, Luis L Gamboa","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2734671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2734671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vomiting is a leading cause of emergency department (ED) visits among children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Although antiemetics are commonly used, uncertainty persists regarding the comparative efficacy and safety of individual agents across clinically relevant timeframes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the efficacy and safety of commonly used antiemetics for pediatric AGE-related vomiting in ED settings using a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of major databases was conducted through 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs enrolling children ≤21 years presenting to the ED with AGE. Interventions included ondansetron (all routes), dimenhydrinate, domperidone, metoclopramide, bromopride, and placebo. Outcomes included vomiting frequency (short-, intermediate-, and long-term), cessation of vomiting, need for intravenous (IV) rehydration, ED length of stay, hospitalization, and adverse events. A random-effects frequentist NMA was performed. Risk of bias was assessed using ROB-2, and certainty of evidence was evaluated with GRADE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-three RCTs were included. In the short term, all ondansetron formulations reduced vomiting compared with placebo, with the strongest effect seen with IV administration (MD -1.86, 95% CI -3.25 to -0.47). For intermediate-term outcomes, IV ondansetron was the only agent consistently superior to placebo and active comparators. For long-term vomiting, dimenhydrinate (oral and rectal) demonstrated significant benefit (rectal: MD -0.72, 95% CI -1.14 to -0.30). Vomiting cessation within 24 h favored IV ondansetron (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.29-1.89), with additional benefit from rectal dimenhydrinate (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.08-2.04). Ondansetron reduced the need for IV rehydration (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.88) and modestly shortened ED stay. Safety comparisons were imprecise, though ondansetron showed fewer adverse events than metoclopramide.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ondansetron provides the most consistent benefit for acute vomiting control and reducing IV fluid use in pediatric AGE, while dimenhydrinate may support longer-term symptom control.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision medicine requires precision prescribing: rethinking antiseizure medication regulation in Europe.","authors":"Emilio Russo, Angela La Neve, Alfonso Iudice, Roberta Roberti","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2740837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2740837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy care increasingly combines biologically informed precision medicine with individualized prescribing, yet routine personalization based on age, comorbidities, reproductive considerations, tolerability, interactions, and patient preference is good clinical care and should not, by itself, be labelled precision medicine. The unresolved problem is not a general absence of prescribing freedom in Europe. It is the mismatch that may arise among dynamic therapeutic trajectories, formal indications, reimbursement or access rules, and the evidence captured in routine datasets. We propose structured flexibility as a predefined, prospective, and auditable learning pathway operating within or alongside existing mechanisms. A key example is conversion to secondary monotherapy after a meaningful and well-tolerated response to an ASM introduced as adjunctive treatment: simplification may benefit the patient, while structured follow-up can generate otherwise limited standalone data on drug-specific effectiveness, tolerability, functioning, and retention. Layered diagnoses, in which syndrome and aetiology coexist, provide a second example of why clinical information should be preserved rather than forced into mutually exclusive administrative categories. Structured flexibility would not create a new authorization category, lower evidentiary standards, or transform observational response into an unrestricted monotherapy indication. Its purpose is to connect patient-centered optimization with cumulative evidence generation for comparative research, treatment-response prediction, and appropriately validated artificial-intelligence-assisted prescribing. We propose \"precision regulation\": an adaptive framework that supports individualized prescribing when predefined clinical, pharmacological, evidentiary, monitoring, and patient-centered criteria are met. Precision medicine should extend beyond diagnosis to access, reimbursement, deprescribing, and longitudinal therapeutic optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hidden burden of topical corticosteroid misuse: a systematic review of dermatologic complications.","authors":"Ali Alzahrani","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2734646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2734646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Topical corticosteroids are widely prescribed for their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antiproliferative effects in conditions such as atopic and contact dermatitis. However, their rapid symptomatic relief has contributed to misuse, particularly for cosmetic purposes, leading to multiple adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate complications associated with topical corticosteroid misuse and the contributing factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to identify studies published between January 2016 and January 2026. Eligible studies reported primary data on topical corticosteroid misuse and associated factors. Extracted data included study characteristics, patterns of misuse, complications, prevalence of misuse-related adverse effects, and associated factors. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-three studies involving 8,619 participants were included. Misuse was commonly reported for cosmetic indications, including skin lightening, melasma, acne, and skin fairness. Betamethasone, mometasone, and clobetasol were the most frequently misused agents. Most participants experienced at least one adverse effect, including acneiform eruptions, pigmentation disorders, erythema, and worsening dermatophytosis. Factors associated with misuse included female gender, younger age, poor health-seeking behavior, and over-the-counter availability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Topical corticosteroid misuse is an important public health concern, particularly where potent products are readily available without prescription. Reducing misuse requires prescription-based access to potent topical corticosteroids, pharmacist counselling at dispensing, clinician education on appropriate potency and duration, and targeted public education on cosmetic misuse and potential adverse effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Most Impactful Symptom of Endometriosis Questionnaire (MISE-Q): a cognitive interview study.","authors":"Alice M Mitchell, Sara Attinger, K Jane Chalmers, Steven J Kamper, Helena C Frawley, Claudia Cheng, Martin Healey, Andrew W Horne, Lucy H R Whitaker, Jason Abbott, Luk Rombauts, Stacey Missmer, Karin Jones, Anita Elias, Claudia Rutherford, Brian W Pulling, Sarah Lensen","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2730839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2730839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Endometriosis is a condition with symptoms that vary widely, often affecting daily activities and quality of life. A patient-centered approach to identifying and measuring the most important symptoms has been recommended in the core outcome set for endometriosis clinical trials, yet no such instrument currently exists. This study aimed to pilot-test a new patient-reported outcome measure, the \"Most Impactful Symptom of Endometriosis Questionnaire\" (MISE-Q), designed to address this gap.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The MISE-Q's content validity was evaluated through cognitive interviews using the Three-Step Test-Interview method. Participants with a surgical diagnosis of endometriosis were recruited and interviewed across five iterative rounds.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-four interviews were conducted, revealing diverse symptom experiences. Most participants appreciated the person-centered nature of the instrument, though some found it difficult to choose a single \"most impactful symptom\" due to overlapping symptoms. A three-month recall period was supported to capture symptom fluctuation over time. Clinician and researcher feedback was incorporated to improve clarity, usability, and feasibility. The MISE-Q was revised, including changes to symptom wording, and the removal of two symptoms and the addition of one. A free-text option was included to capture additional symptoms due to the condition's heterogeneity. Participants praised the MISE-Q's brevity and clear language.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The final instrument offers a comprehensive tool to measure the \"most impactful symptom\" of endometriosis. While it represents the most rigorously developed option available for this purpose, its use in clinical trials should be preceded by field testing to establish additional measurement properties and assess cultural relevance across populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and clinical distribution of congenital hypothyroidism in Bolu Province, Türkiye: a four-year analysis of the National Newborn Screening Program.","authors":"Semih Bolu, Filiz Bolu, Yasemin Baranoglu Kilinc","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2736327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2736327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to determine the incidence and etiological distribution of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and evaluate the performance of newborn screening program in Bolu, a province in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Newborn screening data from 10,854 neonates born between March 2021 and March 2025 were analyzed. Capillary blood samples were collected on days 3-5 and analyzed. Infants with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels >20 mIU/L initially or ≥5.5 mIU/L in both initial and repeat samples were recalled for venous confirmation. CH was diagnosed when free thyroxine was <0.7 ng/dL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Recall rate was 6.0%. Nineteen infants had CH (incidence, 1:571), including 13 (68.4%) with transient and 6 (31.6%) with permanent CH. All infants with initial TSH of 5.5-20 mIU/L had transient CH, while all permanent cases had initial TSH >20 mIU/L. A TSH threshold of ≥10 mIU/L reduced the recall rate to 1.1% but missed 5 transient CH cases (sensitivity, 73.7%). Threshold of ≥15 mIU/L reduced the recall rate to 0.3% but resulted in 10 missed transient cases (sensitivity, 47.3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The incidence of CH and the recall rate in Bolu were higher than those reported in iodine-sufficient countries. Although the high recall rate may be partly attributable to the low TSH cutoff used in the screening program, relatively high proportion of transient CH warrants further investigation of regional iodine status. Increasing the TSH threshold may reduce the recall rate but may also decrease sensitivity and result in missed CH cases, particularly transient CH.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149073835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond weight loss: a narrative review of tirzepatide's impact on muscle and lean mass in people with overweight and obesity.","authors":"Thomas Wilkinson, Rishada Ramzan","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2734645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2734645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has demonstrated substantial efficacy for weight loss in individuals with overweight and obesity. However, the extent to which this weight reduction affects lean mass remains unclear. This review evaluates current evidence on the impact of tirzepatide on body composition, with a particular focus on changes in lean mass and its proxy measures. A structured literature search identified ten studies, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies and modelling analyses, encompassing diverse populations with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Across studies, tirzepatide consistently produced large, dose-dependent reductions in body weight. These reductions were predominantly attributable to fat mass, although decreases in lean mass, fat-free mass or skeletal muscle mass were observed in all studies. The proportion of total weight loss attributable to lean mass generally ranged from 10% to 30%, broadly aligning with expected physiological responses to weight loss. However, substantial heterogeneity in study design, population characteristics, and body composition assessment methods limits the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Most studies relied on indirect measures such as bioelectrical impedance analysis, with limited use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Importantly, functional outcomes were not assessed, and the clinical significance of observed lean mass reductions remains uncertain. Overall, tirzepatide appears to promote preferential fat loss, though some loss of lean mass occurs. Strategies such as resistance training and adequate protein intake may help mitigate potential adverse effects on muscle mass during treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149073809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparent scientific evidence is key to developing climate-conscious strategies for inhalers: a letter to the editor in response to \"carbon dioxide equivalent emissions and cost impact of non-clinically driven inhaler initiation or switch for COPD\".","authors":"Christian Grah, Stephan Walterspacher, Guido Schmiemann","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2734640","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2734640","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149058678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different diuretic regimes and long-term outcomes in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction.","authors":"Alexander Schmitt, Michael Behnes, Marielen Reinhardt, Noah Abel, Felix Lau, Kathrin Weidner, Mohammad Abumayyaleh, Michael Hagmann, Ibrahim Akin, Tobias Schupp","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2730837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2730837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Diuretics are commonly prescribed for patients with heart failure (HF), yet prognostic data in HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) remain limited. This study investigates the prognostic impact of thiazide and loop diuretics in HFmrEF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Consecutive HFmrEF patients hospitalized at the University Medical Centre Mannheim between 2016 and 2022 were retrospectively included (HARMER registry, clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05603390) and stratified by diuretic therapy at discharge: none (N), thiazide-only (T), loop diuretic-only (L), or combined diuretic therapy (T + L). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 30 months (median follow-up), secondary endpoint was HF-related rehospitalization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 2,109 HFmrEF patients discharged alive, 43% received no diuretics, 9% thiazides only, 40% loop diuretics only, and 9% combined diuretic therapy. Thiazide-only patients had the lowest of long-term all-cause mortality (11%) compared to no diuretics (20%), while patients with loop (39%), and combined diuretic therapy (48%) had higher long-term mortality rates (log-rank <i>p</i> = 0.001). HF-rehospitalization rates followed a similar pattern (N: 5% and T: 7% vs. L: 21% and L + T: 31%, <i>p</i> = 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, thiazide-only therapy remained associated with lower mortality (HR = 0.515, <i>p</i> = 0.009), while loop and combined diuretic therapy were associated with increased mortality (L: HR = 1.299, <i>p</i> = 0.031; T + L: HR = 1.702, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and HF-rehospitalization (L: HR = 1.998, <i>p</i> = 0.001; T + L: HR = 2.535, <i>p</i> = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In HFmrEF, thiazide-only therapy was associated with the lowest mortality, while loop and combined diuretic therapy were linked to increased mortality and HF-rehospitalization. Randomized trials investigating long-term diuretic therapy in HFmrEF patients are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148966951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective cohort study on the comparative safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on the onset of gallbladder disease in type II diabetes.","authors":"Katie Carlson, Jasmeen Kaur, Charles E Gaber, Sirimon Reutrakul, Kibum Kim","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2026.2726017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2026.2726017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgrounds and objectives: </strong>To assess and confirm the risk of gallbladder disease in Type II diabetes (T2D) patients treated with Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1RA) compared to Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor (DPP-4I).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cohort study using administrative claims. Adults who newly received either GLP-1RA or DPP-4I for T2D management were identified between 2016 and 2021. Study cohort included individuals naïve to gallbladder disease or relevant condition on or 6-month prior to the first GLP-1RA or DDP-4I dispensing date (Index). Cumulative incidence of gallbladder disease after the minimal follow-up period of the first 45 days was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to calculate hazard ratios of gallbladder disease for GLP-1RA vs. DPP-4I up to 2 years beyond the initial 45-day exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort included 135,197 GLP-1RA and 118,919 DPP-4I patients with minor diabetes complication profiles. Cumulative incidence of gallbladder disease at 1 year was 1.286% (GLP-1RA) vs. 1.054% (DPP-4I); at 2 years, it was 2.181% vs. 2.039%. Adjusting for the baseline characteristics, the respective HR (95% CI) was 1.241 (95% CI, 1.104-1.393) at 1 year and 1.176 (95% CI, 1.061-1.304) at 2 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A moderate but significant increase in the risk of gallbladder disease was confirmed from the real-world population receiving GLP‑1 RA compared with DPP‑4I. This confirmed risk underscores the need for ongoing monitoring and surveillance for gallbladder disease during GLP‑1RA therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10814,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}