Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Complexation Study of Uranyl Ion with Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Freshwater by Fluorescence Quenching Techniques","authors":"B. Zhu, D. Ryan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72861","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental problem of uranium waste has attracted global attention, and the investigation of its migration behavior in the environment has become an important topic. Uranyl ion is the most distributed form of uranium in water, and its mobility is highly affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM) due to its complexation in aquatic systems. In this study, DOMs in a variety of water samples from the Merrimack Valley of Massachusetts in the USA were studied using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) techniques and regional integration analysis (RIA) data treatment method. RIA divided an EEM of DOM into five regions according to its fluorescence features and categorized them as humic-acid-like, fulvic-acid-like and amino-acid-like. Fluorescence quenching techniques were used to study the complexation properties of DOM with uranyl ion in aquatic systems at pH 3.5. Intense peaks in regions III and V were found to be quenched during the titration by uranyl ion. Results obtained showed that the stability constants (log K) were 4.01–4.19 and 3.83–3.97 for regions III and V, respectively. This study provides an easy, nondestructible and effective approach for studying the complexation of uranyl ion with DOM by applying the RIA method with fluorescence quenching. DOM and low C L values obtained, this method provided reliable results in measuring stability constants. From the results, two distinct peaks were observed in region III and region V and the fluorescence quenching of these two peaks was studied. The Concord River water showed the highest stability constants followed by Mascuppic Lake, Haggetts Pond, Merrimack River Lowell and Merrimack River Newburyport. Region V was less quench-able and lower in binding ability than region III. The fluorescence quenching method is easy and nondestructive to the sample and can be used to monitor natural water quality and conduct binding studies. Further study of a more complicated modeling such as mul-tisite binding modeling is needed to better understand the complexation of uranium with DOM in natural aquatic systems.","PeriodicalId":107613,"journal":{"name":"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127465957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dense Granular Flow as Heat Transfer Media: A New Type of High Power Target Design","authors":"Xuezhi Zhang, Lei Yang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77276","url":null,"abstract":"High power target systems require reliable high-temperature heat transfer media. Dense granular flow materials have potential to work as heat transfer media, especially at high temperature. In this chapter, a brief review of dense granular and their heat transfer properties is introduced, including basic concepts of heat transfer, thermal behavior of these materials, and factors that affect this behavior. The implementation of these mate - rials as targets is addressed, where two targets were designed, constructed, and tested based on the concept of dense granular flow. The results of the application of a hopper flow-type target in 2.5 MW accelerator-driven system (ADS) and a chute flow-type target in the material irradiation facility will be presented.","PeriodicalId":107613,"journal":{"name":"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128360427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Chemical Elements and Solid Structures in Atomic- Nuclear Reactions in Dense Gas-Metal Systems Irradiated by γ Rays","authors":"R. Wisniewski","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78740","url":null,"abstract":"The new effects observed in dense gas-metals systems (example D 2 -Pd) being irradiated by braking gamma quanta with threshold energy a little bellow 10 MeV, for energy about 25 MeV (giant dipole nuclear resonance — GDNR) and effects of irradiation of pure gazes (D 2 , He … 10 MeV) is presented in this chapter. The irradiation time in all cases was as large as 10 5 s under large gamma flux intensity conditions (generated by electron current in used accelerators of about 20 μ A). Realization of experiments were as follow: chosen gas in room temperature was compressed to high pressure (1 – 3 kbar) in beryllium bronze pressure chamber or in stainless steel high pressure capillary with chosen metal samples inside of it or without samples. In all cases new elements were detected in relatively large amounts, some of them are light elements, i.e., C, O and the others are heavy elements, i.e., Pb, Bi. At GDNR with Pd, V and other metals, unexpected phenomena as shape changes, “ micro-protuberances, ” micro objects of specific element contents, cracks of specimen surfaces were observed too. The identification of the mechanism that induced these effects is a problematic issue, trans-nuclear molecule and multinuclear reaction concepts could be used to explain these induced effects. The justification of carbon generation in the samples is shortly described. Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions. Investigation of obtained objects, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro sound analyzer (XRMPA) were performed in the Analytical Centre of the Laboratory of University and at the Institute for Perspective Materials and Technologies in Moscow. We have observed: macroscopic surface changes, the emergence of new elements in the macroscopic amount, change the shape of the samples, micro eruption from the metallic surface and exposed to weight changes of investigated samples. The arrows presents high energy gamma stream passing through the inlet port of the pressure shell. Polygon character symbolizes the central object changes. Square character symbolizes objects which were observed inside of the chamber and triangular character changes in inner element (red line) separates the gas from the pressure shell. Similar objects can be exist in similar condition in some time in somewhere is Cosmos. What effects would took place there we can see as results of our experiments described below.","PeriodicalId":107613,"journal":{"name":"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122858434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radioisotope: Applications, Effects, and Occupational Protection","authors":"Sannappa Jadiyappa","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79161","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a brief introduction to radioisotopes, sources and types of radia- tion, applications, effects, and occupational protection. The natural and artificial sources of radiations are discussed with special reference to natural radioactive decay series and artificial radioisotopes. Applications have played significant role in improving the qual ity of human life. The application of radioisotopes in tracing, radiography, food preserva - tion and sterilization, eradication of insects and pests, medical diagnosis and therapy, and new variety of crops in agricultural field is briefly described. Radiation interacts with matter to produce excitation and ionization of an atom or molecule; as a result physical and biological effects are produced. These effects and mechanisms are discussed. The dosimetric quantities used in radiological protection are described. Radiological protec tions and the control of occupational and medical exposures are briefly described.","PeriodicalId":107613,"journal":{"name":"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126267982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Safety Aspects in Nuclear Engineering","authors":"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman, H. M. Saleh","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76818","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":107613,"journal":{"name":"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132850951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Sorption Behavior and Properties of Radionuclides in the Environment","authors":"R. Saint-Fort","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76215","url":null,"abstract":"Prediction of fate and behavior of radionuclides in the environment is largely governed by sorption processes. Radionuclides physico-chemical species interacting with prevailing abiotic properties of the environment vary widely among varying constituting environ- mental components. Herein, this work discussed the most significant aspects of sorption processes and properties at the solid-water interface. Main sorption mechanisms were investigated using kinetic, thermodynamic analyses, and various mathematical models in current use for description of sorption – desorption processes in the environment. Knowledge of environmental transport, environmental pathways, and exposure path- ways to radionuclides is also an important aspect of any strategy to protect the public and the natural ecosystems. In the final analysis, the choice of a functional sorption equation model will be dictated by the risk-based under consideration, the level of information available, and the intrinsic accuracy of the predictive model.","PeriodicalId":107613,"journal":{"name":"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130075751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bubble Dynamics in a Narrow Rectangular Channel","authors":"X. Jianjun, Xie Tianzhou, Chen Bingde, Bao Wei","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74608","url":null,"abstract":"It is very important to study the bubble dynamics in order to understand the physical process of boiling heat transfer in a narrow channel. Experimental and theoretical studies on bubble dynamics in a narrow rectangular channel are proposed. The cross section of the narrow rectangular channel is 2 mm 8 mm. A high speed digital camera is applied to capture bubble behaviors from the narrow side and wide side of the narrow rectangular channel. Bubble growth rate, bubble departure diameter, bubble interface parameter and others are obtained according to the observation. A force balance analysis on a growing bubble is proposed to predict the bubble departure diameter and sliding bubble velocity, and the predicted results agree with the experimental data. Thus, the mechanism of bubble departure, slide and lift-off behavior in a narrow rectangular channel can be explained by the analysis of forces.","PeriodicalId":107613,"journal":{"name":"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129781829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}