Compost Science & Utilization最新文献

{"title":"Influence of Manure Type and Bedding Material on Carbon Content of Particulate Organic Matter in Feedlot Amendments Using 13C NMR-DPMAS","authors":"Jim J. Miller, P. Hazendonk, C. Drury","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1342106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1342106","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Feedlots in southern Alberta apply composted (CM) or stockpiled (SM) manure with straw (ST) or wood-chip (WD) bedding to cropland, but few studies have examined the effect of manure type and bedding material on carbon composition of these feedlot amendments prior to land application using solid-state 13C NMR-DPMAS (nuclear magnetic resonance-direct polarization, magic angle spinning). The particulate organic matter fraction was extracted from four amendment treatments (CM-ST, CM-WD, SM-ST, SM-WD) to avoid possible paramagnetic interference from considerable mineral soil in the manure from the unpaved feedlot. The hypothesis was that O-alkyl C of POM should be lower for more decomposed manure types (CM than SM) and bedding materials (ST than WD), and that alkyl C, aromatic C, carboxyl C, aromaticity, and alkyl:O-alkyl (A:O-A) ratio should be greater for the more decomposed amendments. The C composition of all feedlot amendments was dominated by aromatic C (8%–14%) and O-alkyl (7%–14%) C and had considerable less contribution from carboxyl (2%–4%) and alkyl C (1%–3%). The manure type hypothesis was supported for O-alkyl C (but not for the other three C groups), aromaticity, but not the A:O-A ratio. The bedding hypothesis was supported for O-alkyl C, aromaticity, and A:O-A ratio, but not for alkyl C, aromatic C, and carboxyl C. A decrease in O-alkyl C, increase in aromaticity, and increase in A:O-A ratio (bedding only) with more decomposed manure types or bedding materials suggested that these 13C NMR parameters may have potential to evaluate the maturity and stability of composted feedlot manures.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1342106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42317729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Long-Term Use of Compost on N2O and CO2 Fluxes in Greenhouse Vegetable Systems","authors":"Hui Han, Yan-hang Teng, He-fa Yang, Ji Li","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238786","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was based on a long-term field trial of three different greenhouse vegetable growing systems which were started in March 2002. Fertilizer nitrogen and organic carbon inputs in three treatments in the spring of 2015 were as follows: (1) conventional system (CON): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 146 kg N ha−1 and 1483 kg C ha−1) and urea (about 525 kg N ha−1); (2) low-input system (LOW): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 325 kg N ha−1 and 3160 kg C ha−1) and urea (about 263 kg N ha−1); and (3) organic system (ORG): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 651 kg N ha−1 and 5456 kg C ha−1). N2O and CO2 fluxes were monitored in the growing season of 2015 (from March to August) using static chamber and gas chromatography techniques. Results showed that: (1) The N2O and CO2 fluxes in three treatments all reached their peaks within 4 days and 8 days after irrigation, respectively. N2O emissions were positively correlated with soil temperature, soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), and NO3−-N contents, while strong association between CO2 emissions and soil temperature was observed. (2) Lower cumulative N2O emission and direct emission factor (p < 0.05) were observed in ORG than that from LOW and CON. (3) No significant differences of cumulative CO2 emissions were observed in three treatments, but CO2 emissions proportion of fertilizer carbon inputs and soil organic carbon stock in ORG was significantly lower (p < 0.05).","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44611958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat Recovery from Composting: A Comprehensive Review of System Design, Recovery Rate, and Utilization","authors":"Matthew M. Smith, J. Aber, Robert Rynk","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2016.1233082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1233082","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It has long been recognized that composting yields a large quantity of thermal energy, which is normally lost to the surrounding environment as heat. Efforts to recover this heat using compost heat recovery systems (CHRSs) have been sporadic. Literature on the subject is also disjointed. To summarize the research that has been conducted, the authors performed an extensive literature review, covering publications in scientific journals, trade magazines, books, theses, and published reports. A focus on CHRS design and heat recovery rates is presented. The review covers 45 CHRSs in 16 different countries, ranging from simple hotbeds used in China 2000 years ago, to advanced super-thermal conductor heat pipe systems in 2016. Heat recovery rates varied significantly, with no predictable trend among the 45 systems. Recovery rates averaged 1895 kJ/hr (1159 kJ/kg DM) for lab-scale systems, 20,035 kJ/hr (4302 kJ/kg DM) for pilot-scale systems, and 204,907 kJ/hr (7084 kJ/kg DM) for commercial systems.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1233082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42091767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Various Substrates and Supplements on King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii)","authors":"Elahe Kazemi Jeznabadi, M. Jafarpour, S. Eghbalsaied, M. Pessarakli","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238787","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the possible use of prominent agricultural wastes, including wheat and barley straw, maize stem residue, wood chips, sugar beet pulp, and sawdust as basal substrates, as well as wheat and rice bran, soybean powder, and their combinations as food supplements on king oyster mushroom production. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The highest yield (2363.2 g kg−1), biological efficiency (236.32%), production rate (225.96 kg day−1), and the shortest pinhead formation stage (10 days) were observed in sugar beet pulp mixed with rice bran. The shortest time for primary fruit body phase (3.66 days) and complete fruit body phase (4.5 days) were observed in wheat straw combined with soybean powder as well as barley straw mixed with some supplements, respectively. Different substrate compositions had significant effects on the growth period, yield, production rate, and biological efficiency of Pleurotus eryngii widely used for nutritional and medicinal purposes.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45511333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-Waste Recycling in Germany – Further Challenges","authors":"A. Schüch, Gert Morscheck, A. Lemke, M. Nelles","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1395716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1395716","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT German biodegradable waste is collected separately, recycled and ecologically and economically sound used. Around the world biodegradable waste in landfills is the main factor for greenhouse gas emissions. This environmental impact can be significantly reduced by the separate collection and use of organic waste. The separate collection of bio-waste is also a precondition for reutilizing of organic matter and nutrients. Only from separately collected bio-waste it is possible to produce high-quality compost and digestate, which are suitable for agricultural or horticultural use. The separate collection of bio-waste from households affects the amount and composition of the residual waste. By separating bio-waste, the remaining amount of waste is reduced up to a third. At the same time the residual waste contains less wet ingredients, which facilitate the waste sorting and makes the treatment in waste incineration plants more effective or even possible. Both, the recycling of compost and digestate on soils, as well as the energy recovery of bio-waste, contribute to climate protection and resource conservation. The operation of the treatment plants determines how much of the greenhouse gases methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia is released during the process. Some plant operators need to be awakened and their awareness of climate-relevant emissions from their bio-waste treatment plants has to be raised. Also the amount of collected organic waste should be further reinforced. In Germany since 2015 the separate collection of bio-waste has to improve!","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1395716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46336998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Livestock Waste, Potential Manure Production and Its Use in Japan in 1980 and 2010","authors":"S. Mishima, A. Leon, S. Eguchi, Y. Shirato","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362674","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to quantify life cycle of nutrient elements for soil and crops, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and carbon (C), from feed of livestock to potential of manure production via livestock waste, a potentially sustainable application of manure for farmland soils in Japan in 1980 and 2010. We also estimated real application to farmland from a questionnaire by setting several hypotheses to collect real proportion of farm households, because the questionnaire was intended for full-time farms, the proportion of which is minor within all farms. The questionnaire survey was conducted five times, from 1979 to 2003 for 5-year intervals, and one time from 2008 to 2013. These data were set for the years 1980 and 2010. As a result, the livestock feed became lower in P and K input, livestock got better nutrient use efficiency for livestock products, and waste production was reduced in 2010 than 1980. Potential of manure production was decreased in 2010 from what it was in 1980; however, estimated application of manure was also reduced from full to half of potential of manure production. Application level of manure in 1980 was higher than the amount that farmland received sustainably. This might be allowed for enhancing soil fertility; as such activity was also needed at that time. On the other hand, in 2010, application of manure was estimated to be less than half of that in 1980 and had not reached sustainable application level. From 1980 to 2010, manure application had been decreased, even though trends of manure application for crops per area were different in each crop. Although lack or surplus of manure might not always explain trend of soil fertility, we need continues survey of soil fertilities to check and monitor to grasp the trend of soil fertility indicated by total C and N, available N, P, and K, as well as estimate application of manure to farmland.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44214316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Single and Combined Herbicides in Compost on Growth of Sensitive Crops: Green Bean, Cucumber, and Tomato","authors":"R. Chang, F. Michel, J. Gan, Q. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Li","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1385430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1385430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Compost is frequently used in vegetable production in China, however the feedstocks used for these composts come from a variety of sources, some of which could contain herbicide residues. To evaluate the risk of herbicides on compost products used as growth substrates, we chose three sensitive vegetable crops: green bean, tomato, and cucumber, and grew them in compost without herbicide (CK), with Clopyralid (C1, 0.001 μg/g), Trifluralin (C2, 0.05 μg/g), Imprelis (C3, 0.01 μg/g), and mixed-herbicides (CM). In the CM treatment, all of the herbicides were added at 1/10 the concentration of the single treatments. The media were amended with the composts at 0, 5, 10, and 20%. Emergence rate, Seedling Vigor Index (SVI) and various growth indexes (shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant biomass) were determined after 45 days. The results indicated that: compost without herbicides (CK) had a positive influence on plant emergence (except green bean), VSI, and growth. The influence increased with each addition up to 20%. Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato; and some of the grown indexes of the three crops. The inhibition was more obvious for tomato and cucumber than for green bean. The inhibition of growth index was greater in CM-20 than the other treatments, even though lower concentrations of each herbicide were used. Compost containing Trifluralin had the most inhibitory effect among the three single herbicides. However, the inhibitory effects varied in the different treatments. In conclusion, compost can increase the emergence rate and plant growth index (shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant biomass), but composts polluted by herbicides had negative impacts on plant growth, especially at higher compost amendment ratios of 20%. Therefore, the utilization of compost made from agricultural wastes, especially in vegetable fields, should be closely monitored.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1385430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45819697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Growth, Fruit Yield, and Quality Using Organic Sources of Nutrients","authors":"J. Castellanos, P. Cano-Rios, Edgar M García-Carrillo, Víctor Olalde-Portugal, P. Preciado-Rangel, Juan Luis Ríos-Plaza, J. L. García-Hernández","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362673","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many greenhouse-vegetable growers cannot participate in the organic market due to the scarcity of organic fertilizers, which are able both to (a) satisfy the crop's nutritional needs similarly to when using a nutrient solution, and (b) be regarded as biological, ecological, or in general terms “sustainable.” Four different fertilization regimes using three different hot pepper genotypes were applied under greenhouse conditions in arid land of Mexico. The three genotypes were of the “Serrano” variety and were obtained from different arid lands in northern Mexico. The entire crop management was 100% organic according to United States organic standards. We found that vermicompost—obtained from the metabolism of Eisenia fetida feed with cow manure plus maize waste—was able to supply the needed nutrients to the cultivars to obtain a growth and yield similar to the plants supplied with nutrient solution. The most productive genotype (Don Diego) showed the following fresh yield values: 1.98, 1.84, 1.24, and 1.11 kg plant−1 for treatments with conventional nutrient solution, vermicompost, solarized cow manure, and solarized poultry manure, respectively. The fertilization with poultry manure resulted in lower values in every growth and yield variable measured. However, this same treatment showed the highest values in ascorbic acid with 328.6 and 327.4 mg 100 mL−1 for genotypes Don Ramón and Don Vicente, respectively. The overall results suggest that organic sources of nutrients may be able to supply the needs of greenhouse hot peppers as alternative for organic farmers. Treatment with vermicompost showed the general best behavior in all of the plants.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49276618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Microbial Inoculant on Physical and Chemical Properties in Pig Manure Composting","authors":"Pengxiang Xu, Ji Li","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1295886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1295886","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Effects of one commercial microbial inoculant (named VT microbial inoculant) on the composting of pig manure were studied. Two treatment piles were prepared in this study, in which one pile was inoculated with VT and another pile without VT. The results indicated that inoculation could accelerate the temperature rising at the start of composting. Based on the chemical parameters, the VT treatment showed higher N, P2O5, K2O, and macronutrient (NPK) content than the CK treatment. The statistical analysis showed that the P2O5, K2O, and NPK content had a significant difference (P < 0.05) between VT and CK treatments at the end of composting, which showed that VT inoculant accelerated the transformation of macronutrient in the end compost product. The changes of total organic carbon indicated that VT additive could accelerate the decomposition of organic carbon, which had a significant difference (P = 0.023) compared with CK. At the end of the composting, the germination index value of VT treatment (80%) was higher than the control (60%). These results suggested that the inoculation of VT microbial agent was a feasible strategy to convert animal wastes into compost efficiently.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1295886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47421615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers Application on Soil Organic Matter Properties","authors":"Shuyan Li, Jijin Li, Guoxue Li, Yangyang Li, Jing Yuan, Danyang Li","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344160","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of application of different organic fertilizers (general organic fertilizer, GOF; biogas residue, BR; refined organic fertilizer, ROF) as compared to no fertilizer on the composition of the soil organic matter. Different scales of experiment (sand filtration tube, pot, and field plot experiment) were conducted to study the effect of organic fertilizers. The results showed that application of organic fertilizer can significantly increase soil organic matter and improve its quality. The content of soil organic carbon and humus increased with the growing of fertilization within a certain range (0∼38 t ha−1). In sand filtration tube experiment, ROF can significantly increase the quality of humic acid (HA)/ fulvic acid (FA), while it had little effect on the quality of HA/FA in the pot and plot experiment. In the field plot experiment, application with mid-dosage (38 t ha−1) of ROF can improve total organic carbon (TOC), HA and FA (by 70%, 89%, and 74%, respectively) compared with the control, and it had the best effect of all. BR for its incomplete fermented, had the worst effect of all. Therefore, ROF with 38 t·ha−1 could be used as the optimal fertilization scheme for the purpose of improving soil organic carbon.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46620817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}